Regrak Ap

Front 1

Bartholomew Diaz

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(c. 1451 – 1500) Portuguese explorer, first to go around southern tip of Africa.

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Columbus

Back 2

(1451 – 1506) Explorer commissioned to find trade route to Asia to West, landed in Bahamas.

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Pizzaro

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(1476 – 1541) Spanish conquistador, conquerer of the Incas in Peru.

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Cabot

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(c. 1450 – c. 1499) Italian explorer, first to land in North America, in Canada.

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La Salle

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(1643 – 1687) French explorer, went up Mississippi north.

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Jesuits

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Catholic group, fought back successfully against Reformation.

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John Rolfe

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(1585 – 1622) First successful producer of Tobacco in Colony of Virgina, husband of Pocahontas.

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John Winthrop

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Leader of Pilgrim group to Mass. Bay Colony, governor for 12 years.

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Gov. Berkeley

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(1605–1677) Governor of Virginia Colony.

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Lutheranism

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Christian sect, tries to stay faithful to Luther's doctrines.

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Quakers

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Christian religious movement. Tolerance; Personal religious experience, etc.

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Massachusetts Bay Company

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Company that started Bay Colony.

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Da Gama

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(1469 – 1524) Portuguese explorer, first to sail from Europe to India.

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Cortes

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(1485 – 1547) Conquistador, Destroyed Aztecs, part of first colonizers.

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De Soto

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(1496 – 1542) Conquistador, voyaged up Mississippi.

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Drake

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(1540 – 1596) English circumnavigator (the second), second in command at defeat of Armada.

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Marquette

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(1637 – 1675) French Jesuit, first to go map north of Mississippi River, began first settlement in Michigan.

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Franciscans

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Roman Catholic group, seeking to emulate Saint Francis.

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Lord Baltimore

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(1605 – 1675) English receiver of the colony of Maryland. Place of refuge for Catholics, religious tolerance.

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William Bradford

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(1590 – 1657) Leader of Plymouth Colony.

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Maryland Toleration Act

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Act mandating Christian religious tolerance, sentencing non-Christians to death.

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Puritanism

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English Protestants advocating that the Church of England move away from Catholicism.

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Joint-stock company

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Company owned by owners through stocks ("shares")

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Marco Polo

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(13th Century) Venetian merchant who traveled to China and sparked interest in exploration.

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Cabral

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(1468 – 1520)Portuguese explorer who found Brazil, later settled by Portuguese

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Magellan

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(1480 – 1521) Portuguese explorer, led what became first circumnavigation of the Earth. Died fighting in Philippines.

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Fur Trade

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The industry of trapping and selling animal coats.

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Henry Hudson

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(c. 1560– 1611?) English explorer who found the Hudson River, ventured around modern New York, where Dutch settled.

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Great Migration

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The settlement in New England by English Puritans leaving Europe

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John Smith

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(c. January 1580 – 1631) English explorer who helped found Jamestown colony.

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Sir Walter Raleigh

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(c. 1554 – 1618) English courtier and merchant in Virginia

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Miles Standish

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(c. 1584 – 1656) Military man for the Plymouth Colony. Led defense of the Colony, and attacked Native Americans.

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Calvanism

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Christian sect, believed in pre-destination and often lived modestly and sparingly.

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Pilgrims

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Settlers of Plymouth Colony. Escaped from England to the Netherlands, but later moved with English backing to establish the Colony.

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Native-Americans

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Peoples of the United States who have lived there for thousands of years.

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head right system

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System begun in Jamestown where new colonists were given two pieces of 50 acres, and the same for getting new settlers.

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Mayflower Compact

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[1620] Governing contract of Plymouth colony; establishes civil politic; allegiance to the Crown

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Anne Hutchinson

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[1591-1643] Religious dissident, banned for views on women and religious rights,equality.

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Salem Witch Trials

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[1692-1693] Salem Puritans go a little crazy over a couple people having seizures: hysteria.

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Virginia Company

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[1606] Stock companies established by James I to settle in overlapping parts of the Eastern North American coast.

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covenant theology

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Idea that all of God's interactions with people + Bible are based on Covenants of grace, redemption, and works.

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Roger Williams

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[1603-1683] Didn't like Puritanism and church and state grouping, so the English preacher left to go found Rhode Island.

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Defeat of Spanish Armada

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[1588] Spanish fleet destroyed by Elizabeth I, laid the grounds for the power struggle in colonization of the New World.

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mulatto

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Mixed race offspring with slaves.

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predestination

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Calvanist idea that one's ending on Heaven or Hell is predetermined, not up to us.

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Half-Way Covenant

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[1662] An incentive for second-generation Puritans to stay somewhat affiliated with the church, and receive some membership benefits, though couldn't get communion or vote.

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New England Confederation

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Confederation of MA. CT., Hartford, and other places to put under the control of the English crown.

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Separatists

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Those advocating a separation with the Anglican Church of the English crown.

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King Phillip's War

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[1675-6] War between Native Americans and New England colonists. Half of region's towns destroyed; devastating,

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Albany Congress

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[1754] Meeting of colonial representatives to talk about fighting French as well as Native American relations.

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Franklin's Plan of Union

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Franklin's idea that a President-general should control defense and trade laws for a united seven colonies.

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French and Indian War

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American part of Seven Years War that included British, French, and Native Americans. After disastrous start by British, William Pitt wins war with more troops.

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William Pitt

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[1708-1788] British Prime Minister, achieved British domination in winning the Seven Years War.

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Treaty of Paris

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[1763] Agreement ending Seven Years War, France ceded almost all North American territory away.

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Jeffry Amherst

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[1717-1797] British military commander who conquered French Canada, including Louisberg.

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Paxton Boys

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[1763] Group of vigilantes who's hatred of Native Americans, fueled by Pontiac's rebellion and government support of Natives, led them to massacre 20.

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Proclamation Line of 1763

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[1763] Line demarcating where Colonials could settle, established boundaries for Natives that could not be crossed.

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John Adams

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[1735-1826] 1st Vice and 2nd President, Federalist, signed A & S acts, built military.

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XYZ Affair

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[1798] Diplomatic episode where French ambassadors X, Y, Z demand money and concessions. Anti-Republicanism in the states leads to A & S acts.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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Authorized govt. to deport "threats," made it illegal to criticize govt in many ways.

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

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[1798-1799] Resolutions passed by VA and KY legislatures calling the A & S acts unconstitutional, and arguing that states have an ability to interpose Federal law, and appealing for help from other states.

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Nullification

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The idea that states can together 'nullify' federal law, as described in the Kentucky Resolution.

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Thomas Jefferson

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[1742-1826] Third President, Democratic-Republican,