Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Correlational Study
|
- looks for a linear relationship between variables
|
|
|
Longitudinal
|
- looks at variables overtime
|
|
|
Prospective
|
- looks at variable which is believed to lead to specific outcome
|
|
|
Quantitative
|
- looks at numerical data/results
|
|
|
Hypothesis
|
– states a probable outcome to a study; objective of research – test the hypothesis
|
|
|
null hypothesis
|
– states that no relationship exists among the variables being tested; research - tries to reject the null hypothesis
|
|
|
Variables
|
dependent – variable outcome (ie: blood pressure)
independent – variables which are believed to affect the dependent variable (ie: sodium intake) |
|
|
random sample
|
– drawn from entire population; all having an equal chance of being chosen
|
|
|
stratified random sample
|
– large group broken down into subgroups based on certain characteristics; subjects are then randomly selected from subgroups
|
|
|
cluster sampling
|
– samples larger group then specific subgroups
|
|
|
Bias
|
conscious or unconscious distortion of results by the researcher
|
|
|
mean
|
– average, scores added together and divided by the number of scores
|
|
|
median
|
– score at the middle of the distribution
|
|
|
mode
|
– score which occurs most often
|
|
|
standard deviation
|
– amount a value deviates in relation to the mean or average; normal distribution = bell shaped curve
|
|
|
Statistical Methods
|
1. degrees of freedom – N-1; N = number in sample
2. significance level – disproves the null hypothesis; indicates a found correlation or relationship did not occur because of chance (ie: .01 level = 1 in 100 times is due to chance) 3. chi-square test – used to prove relationship between 2 variables 4. T-test – shows how far a statistic deviates from the mean and whether differences between means of groups are significant |
|
|
degrees of freedom
|
– N-1; N = number in sample
|
|
|
significance level
|
– disproves the null hypothesis; indicates a found correlation or relationship did not occur because of chance (ie: .01 level = 1 in 100 times is due to chance)
|
|
|
chi-square test
|
– used to prove relationship between 2 variables
|
|
|
T-test
|
– shows how far a statistic deviates from the mean and whether differences between means of groups are significant
|
|
|
"There is no relationship between heart disease and saturated fat." This is an example of:
a. hypothesis b. mean c. cluster sampling research d. null hypothesis |
The null hypothesis states that no relationship exists among the variables being tested; research - tries to reject the null hypothesis.
|
|
|
Over the period of 15 years, a study examines sugar consumption. What type of study is this?
a. Longitudinal b. Correlational c. Prospective d. Quantitative |
Longitudinal study designs look at variables over time.
|
|
|
Which of the following looks at a variable that is believed to lead to specific outcome?
a. longitudinal b. prospective c. correlational d. quantitative |
Prospective study designs look at a variable that is believed to lead to a specific outcome.
|
|
|
When gathering a sample for your study, you selected subjects in the general population and categorized them as smokers and non smokers. Which type of sample do you have?
a. random sample b. stratified random sample c. cluster sample d. none of these |
A stratified random sample is a large group broken down into subgroups based on certain characteristics; subjects are then randomly selected from subgroups.
|
|
|
For a normal distribution of standard deviation, what is the shape of the curve?
a. U shaped b. S shaped c. none of these d. bell shaped |
The standard deviation is the amount a value deviates from the mean or the average; normal distribution = bell shaped curve.
|
|
|
you have 31 subjects in your study. How many degrees of freedom do you have? Correct
a. 31 b. 29 c. 30 d. 32 |
c. 30
Degrees of freedom = number in the sample - 1 (n = number in sample; n - 1). |
|
|
A .01 significance level indicates:
a. 10 out of 100 times the correlation of variables occurred by chance b. 1 out of 100 times the correlation of variables occurred by chance c. .01 out of 100 times the correlation of variables occurred by chance d. 1 out of 1000 times the correlation of variables occurred by chance |
A .01 significance level indicates 1 out of 100 times the correlation of variables occurred by chance.
|
|
|
Which of the following is used to prove relationship between 2 categorical variables?
a. chi-square test b. T-test c. Mean d. Standard deviation |
Chi-square test is used to prove relationship between two classified or categorical variables.
|
|
|
Which of the following shows whether differences between means of groups are significant?
a. T-test b. Mean c. Standard deviation d. Chi-square test |
A T-test shows whether differences between means of groups are significant.
|
|
|
Which of the following P-value is most significant?
a. .001 b. .1 c. .5 d. .0001 |
The smallest number for a P-value is the most significant; therefore .0001 is most significant.
|
|
|
When evaluating correlational relationships, which of the following coefficients describe the most significant correlation?
a. .9 b. .5 c. -.5 d. .2 |
a. .9
A correlation should be close to 1 or -1 to indicate significance; a correlation close to zero indicates little or no significance. |
