Radiology Theory

Front 1

What are common changes associated with Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head?

Back 1

Femoral head sub luxated
Femoral head and neck remodelling & areas of lysis (-> lucency)
New bone forming at cranio acetabular ridge

Front 2

What is a common place for osteophyte formation in the coxofemoral (hip) joint

Back 2

cranial acetabular ridge

Front 3

Where is the first place to look for osteophtye formation in the elbow?

Back 3

Non articular edge of proximal anconeal process

Front 4

What are important points for proper technique when imaging for musculoskeletal disease?

Back 4

medium/fine or mammography screen -> good for detail
careful positioning -> GA
a minimum of 2 orthogonal views
collimation

Front 5

What are the types of epiphyseal fractures according to the Salter-Harris fracture classification?

Back 5

Type 1: physis fracture
Type 2: Physis + metaphysis fracture
Type 3: Physis + epiphysis fracture
Type 4: Epiphysis to physis fracture
Type 5: Crush fracture

Front 6

Which are the most important diseases of the immature skeleton?

Back 6

Primarily affecting joints:
- osteochondrosis, OCD
- elbow dysplasia - UAP, FMCP, OCD
- hip dysplasia
- aseptic necrosis of the fremoral head (Legg-Perthes)

Primarlily affecting bone:
- trauma
- panosteits
- hypertrophic osteodystrophy
- metabolic disorders eg. secondary hyperparathyroidism, dwarfism
- metapyseal & epiphyseal dysplasias eg. chondrodysplasia, incomplete
ossification, retained cartilage cores

Front 7

Where is the first place you would look for osteochondrosis lesions in the elbow?

Back 7

Medial humeral condyle

Front 8

What is the best view to find osteochondral defects in the tarsus?

Back 8

flexed dorsoplantar

Front 9

Which is the primary site for osteochondral lesion in the tarsus

Back 9

medial ridge of the trochlea

Front 10

What are types of elbow dysplasia?

Back 10

United anconeal process UAP
Fragmented medial coronoid process FMCP
OCD
Incongruity

Often the only change seen is secondary -> DJD

Front 11

What is the difference between osteophytes and enthesiophytes

Back 11

Osteophyte: new bone formation at periarticular margins
Enthesiophyte: new bone formation from traction at osseous attachments of ligaments or tendons

Front 12

What is the best view to asses the anconeal process

Back 12

flexed lateral

also look for osteophytes on lateral epicondylar ridge, sclerosis of the trochlear notch and displaced FPC when assessing elbows

Front 13

What is panosteitis?

Back 13

Medullary, diaphyseal sclerosis in young dogs (common GSD males)
painful! self limiting but can predispose for pathological fractures

Front 14

What is hypertrophic osteodystrophy & how does it present on x-rays?

Back 14

developmental disorder of the metaphyses in long bones of young, growing dogs, usually of a large or giant breed
radiography reveals metaphyseal bone lucencies and circumferential periosteal bone formation

Front 15

What is synovial osteochondroma?

Back 15

rare and benign metaplasia of the synovial membrane resulting in the formation of multiple intra-articular cartilaginous bodies

Front 16

What 6 criteria are important when assessing aggressiveness of a bone lesion?

Back 16

1. Location
primary bone tumours: generally metaphyseal area
metastases within diaphysis (nutrient formane enter here)
benign: anywhere

2. Bone destruction
localised & uniform: probably benign
moth eaten: likely malignant
permeative: agressive/malignant process

3. Cortical destruction - look at endosteal as well as periosteal surface
if none likely to be benign

4.Transition zone
abrupt & short: benign, indisdinct/long: aggressive

5. Perisosteal reaction
smooth, solid new bone: benign
sunburst/spiculated: agressive

6. Rate of change
rapid change -> aggressive

Front 17

What are some common fracture types

Back 17

Front 18

How does normal bone healing progress?

Back 18

5-10d: fragments lose sharp edge, demineralisation -> fracture widens
10-20d: endosteal & periosteal callus, fracture gap narrows, fragments lose opacity
>30d: fracture line disappearing, callus remodeling
>90d: callus remodelling, cortical remodelling, etc.

Front 19

What are some complications of fracture healing?

Back 19

Malunion: abnormal position
Delayed union: usually due to instability
Non-union: atrophic or hypertrophic

Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Joint complications
Fracture induced sarcoma

Front 20

What radiological changes would you expect to see with atlanto-axial subluxation?

Back 20

Gap between C1 & C2 widens in flexed view -> dens moves dorsally and compresses the spinal cord

Front 21

How can you classify myelographic lesion?

Back 21

extramural
intramural-extramedullary
intramedullary

Front 22

What defines cervical spondomyelopathy or "wobbler" syndrome?

Back 22

cervical vetebral malformation/malformation syndrome
cervical instability
vertebral subluxation

vertebral canal stenosis that can be static or dynamic - result of congenital and degenerative changes

Front 23

What defines the Cauda equina syndrome?

Back 23

static or dynamic stenosis of vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen causing compression of the nerve roots of the cauda equina

Front 24

What defines Discosponylitis?

Back 24

infection of intervertebral disc and secondarily of the adjecent endplates

L1-S1 most commonle affected
most common in large breed male dogs

Front 25

What are causes for discosplonylitis?

Back 25

hematogenous spread eg. UTI.. mainly Staph intermedius
direct infection eg. penetrating wound or migrating FB
post Sx complication

Front 26

What are some radiographic changes associated with discospondylitis?

Back 26

osseus proliferations - can spread along vertebral body
disc space collapse & sclerosis-> irregular intervertebral margins

Front 27

Which radiographic view would yo use to asses the nasal cavities & maxillary teeth?

Back 27

DV with intra oral film

Front 28

Which radiographic view would yo use to asses the zygomatic arches, internal & median ear & external ear as well as the TMJ?

Back 28

Dorsoventral

Front 29

Which radiographic view would yo use to asses the mandible?

Back 29

VD with intraoral film

Front 30

Which radiographic view would yo use to asses the TMJ and tympanic bullae?

Back 30

closed mouth lateral oblique 20 degrees

Front 31

Which radiographic view would yo use to asses the frontal sinus?

Back 31

rostrocaudal frontal view

Front 32

What radiographic changes can be seen with internal & median ostitis?

Back 32

opacity in tympanic bullae
bone reaction: thickening of the wall, sclerosis, osteolysis and/or periosteal reaction
sclerosis of the petrous bone
expansion of the bullae (less common)

Front 33

How is US frequency related to resolution and penetration ?

Back 33

High frequency = high resolution but low penetration
Low frequency = low resolution but high penetration