Radio Ms - Spine

Front 1

Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)

Back 1

• Chondroid degeneration
o Chondrodystrophoid
o Young dogs
• Fibroid degeneration
o Non-chondrodystrophoid
o Old dogs
• Extrusion vs Protrusion

Hint 1

• Narrowed/wedged intervertebral disk space
• Reduced size/ increased opacity of the intervertebral foramen
• Narrowed articular process space

Front 2

Spondylosis Deformans

Back 2

• Incidental finding- BORING
- degenerative change of older animals

Hint 2

• Collar of new bone forming around the intervertebral disk

Front 3

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

Back 3

• Compression of spinal cord and/or spinal nerves
• 2 forms:
o Doberman
• Disk protrusion
• Ligamentous hypertrophy
• Most common C5-6 or C6-7
o Great Dane, other giant breeds
• Articular process enlargement
• Joint capsule thickening
• Disk herniation
• Ligamentous hypertrophy
• Throughout cervical vertebral column

Hint 3

• Narrowed or wedged disk space
• Vertebral malalignment/ subluxation
• Vertebral shape change- bone remodeling
• Decreased height of vertebral canal
• Giant breeds- enlarged articular processes

Front 4

Lumbosacral Disease

Back 4

• Large breed dogs, especially German Shepherds
• IVDD L7-S1
• DJD of articular process joints
• Vertebral canal stenosis
• Instability
• Pain, weakness, urinary and fecal incontinence, paraparesis, tail weakness- compression of cauda equine

Hint 4

• Narrowed/wedged disk space
• Vertebral malalignment
• Decreased height of vertebral canal
• Spondylosis deformans
• Articular process osteophytosis
• Excessive movement on dynamic images

Front 5

Diskospondylitis

Back 5

• Infectious process affecting intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebral endplates
• Hematogenous infections- Staph and E. coli; Brucella canis

Hint 5

• HALLMARK: endplate lysis
• New bone production
• Sclerosis
• Disk space narrowing
• More than one site
• 3-4 weeks to become visible on radiograph

Front 6

Ventral Vertebral Periosteal Reaction
“Spondylitis”

Back 6

• Neoplasia- carcinoma metastasis
• Inflammatory- Spirocerca lupi

Hint 6

• Proliferative new bone on ventral aspect of vertebra- NOT centered on disk space

Front 7

Atlantoaxial Instability

Back 7

• Miniature breeds
• Show signs before 1 yr old
o Neck pain
o UMN signs to all limbs
o Worse when neck flexed
• Causes:
o Congenital ligament deficiency
o Congenital hypoplasia, agenesis, or non-union of dens
o Traumatic injury
• Spinous process of C2 should overlap C1

Hint 7

• Increased distance between spinous process of C2 and dorsal arch of C1
• Malalignment of C1 and C2
• Absent, misshapen, or separated dens

Front 8

Vertebral Neoplasia

Back 8

• Osteosarcoma
• Multiple myeloma

Hint 8

• Lytic lesions

Front 9

Vertebral Trauma

Back 9

• Describe in reference to cranial vertebra

Hint 9

• Discontinuous cortices
• Bone fragments
• Compression fractures (short vertebrae)
• Vertebral canal malalignment
• Disk space narrowing/widening
• Other evidence of trauma in body

Front 10

Block Vertebrae

Back 10

• Congenital union of two vertebrae

Hint 10

• Union of 2 vertebrae

Front 11

Hemivertebrae

Back 11

• Most common vertebral anomaly in brachycephalic breeds
• Leads to curvature of spine:
o Kyphosis- dorsal deviation
o Lordosis- ventral deviation
o Scoliosis- lateral deviation
• Butterfly vertebrae- one classification

Hint 11

• Abnormally shaped vertebra (small and wedge shaped)
• Curvature of spine
• Mid-line defect throughout length of vertebrae in butterfly vertebrae

Front 12

Spina Bifida

Back 12

• Incomplete formation of dorsal lamina
• Often incidental

Hint 12

• Double spinous process
• Lack of spinous process

Front 13

Transitional Vertebrae

Back 13

• Malformed vertebra assumes characteristics of both adjacent regions
• Typically incidental

Hint 13

• Extra ribs
• Lack of ribs
• Disk space between S1 and S2

Front 14

anatomical considerations:

large transverse processes of C6

Back 14

C2-3, C7-T1, T10-T11 normally narrowed disk spaces

Hint 14

transverse process overlaps the disk space
summation

Front 15

Anatomical Considerations:

Back 15

accessory process overlay the intervertebral foramen
-extend caudally from pedicle

Front 16

intervertebral disk extrusion

Back 16

degeneration
complete tear of annulus
translation of degenerate nucleus into vertebral canal

Hint 16

Front 17

intervertebral disk protrustion

Back 17

degeneration
partial tear of annulus
translation of degenerate nucleus into space occupied by annulus

Front 18

Back 18

IVDD
narrowed joint space
- decreased size of intervertebral foramen, wedged narrowed disk space

Hint 18

increased opacity of intervertebral foramen

Front 19

Back 19

IVDD - narrowed articular process joint space
- wedged intervertebral disk space

Front 20

Back 20

spondylosis deformans

Front 21

Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

Back 21

dorsal
-ligementum flavum hypertrophy
-vertebral arch malformation

lateral
-articular process enlargement
-joint capsule thickening

ventral
-disk herniation
-dorsal longitudinal ligament hypertrophy

Front 22

Back 22

CSM - narrowed disk space

-vertebral malalignment

Hint 22

vertebral malalignment
decreased height of canal
vertebral shape change

Front 23

Back 23

CSM - Great Dane

Hint 23

Front 24

Back 24

csm - great dane

Front 25

Back 25

lumbosacral disease
MRI

Hint 25

Front 26

Back 26

diskospondylitis

Hint 26

Front 27

Back 27

diskospondyltitis

lytic and sclerotic endplates

Front 28

A B

Back 28

A) Spondylosis deformans (centered on disk space - incidental)
B) ventral vertebral periosteal reaction (aggressive lesion, not centered on disk spaces - infection or tumor)

Front 29

Back 29

carcinoma mets to lumbar vertebrae

Front 30

Back 30

Atlantoaxial joint:
anatomical considerations

spinous process of C2 overlap C1
dorsal atlantoaxial ligament *

Hint 30

normal dens vs hypoplastic dens

normal dens vs agenesis of dens

Front 31

Back 31

Front 32

Back 32

increased distance between spinous process of C2 and dorsal arch of C1

malalignment of C1 and C2

absent,misshapen, seperated dens

Hint 32

A B

normal atlantoaxial instability

Front 33

Back 33

osteosarcoma

Hint 33

sacral and ilial sarcoma

Front 34

Back 34

L6-7 fracture/luxation

L7 ventrally displaced - disk space obliterated
deviated vertebral canal
separation of L7 lamina from body
small chip fracture

Front 35

Back 35

t12 compression fracture

Front 36

Back 36

block vertebrae

absence of disk space
congenital or diskospondylitis

Front 37

Back 37

hemivertebrae

one is shorter than the others

Front 38

kyphosis

Back 38

dorsal deviation of the spine

Front 39

lordosis

Back 39

ventral deviation of the spine

Front 40

scoliosis

Back 40

lateral deviation of the spine

Front 41

Back 41

kyphosis

Front 42

Back 42

butterfly vertebrae

midline defect throughout length of vertebrae

Front 43

Back 43

spina bifida

incomplete formation of dorsal lamina

common in screw tail dogs and manx cats

double spinous process or lack of spinous process

often incidental

Front 44

Back 44

2 transitional vertebrae