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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Angle Bisector Principle Proper application will cause
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Maintain length of image & object
Distortion present towards tooth apex |
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Paralleling instrument colors
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Posterior yellow
Anterior Blue |
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Film placement colors
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All white side of film faces teeth/xray tube
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How should PID be placed with respect to the ring?
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PID should be equidistant to the ring within 1/4"
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Premolar & Molar Bitewing teeth
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Premolar - distal surface of canine to mesial of M1
Molar - Distal surface of PM2 to 3rd molar |
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Bitewing CR angulation
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+5-8 Degrees of vertical angulation
Tangential to proximal teeth surfaces |
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Clinically acceptable FMS
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Periapical:
Retromolar region Atleast a full image of every erupted tooth Edentulous areas Bitewing: Interproximal contact points Bone Levels |
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To expand image area
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Place sensor farther distal
Use smaller sensor or film Aim PID in superior anterior direction. |
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Projection geometry requirements
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-Radiograph should be dimentionally truthful
-Uniform magnification -Minimal or no distortion |
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Vertical angle errors in Parallel & Bisecting angle techniques
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Parallel:
Great - Image shifted occlusally & crown may be off the film Little - Image shifted apically, root apex may be off the film Bisecting: Great - Forshortening, image shifted coronally Little - Elongation, image shifted apically |
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Occlusal Radiography types
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Topographic (Oblique) - Wider coverage
Cross-Sectional (True) - Buccal or lingual localization of objects or structures |
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When are lesion detectable on radiographs?
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After losing 40% of mineral content
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Where are root caries found? And what are contributory factors?
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Found in areas of alveolar bone resorption
Contributed by xerostomia |
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Mach Band Effect
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Optical illusion in which areas of high contrast appear to flow into each other
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Attrition
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Physiological wearing of incisal, occlusal & interproximal surfaces
Can be part of aging process or bruxism |
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Radiologic Features of Bruxism
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Flat occlusal plane
Loss of mamelons Reduced pulp chanber & canal size Hyper Cementosis |
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Abrasion
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Non physiologic wearing of teeth
Can be due to poor habits of brushing, flossing, occupational |
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Radiologic Features of Abrasion
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Radiolucent at cervical region
Well defined Semilunar defects Sclerosed pulp chambers Flossing results in more distal damage |
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Erosion
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Chemical caused, resulting in radiolucency, no bacteria
Can be dietary, regurgitation or occupational hazards |
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Image distortion with respect to focal trough
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In front of trough Shrinks horizontal
Behind FT elongates horizontal |
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Vertical discrepancy of Panoramic image
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Xray is directed 4-7 Degrees upward to clear occipital.
Vertical relationship between buccal & Lingual objects are inaccurate |
