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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Avogadro's Number
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6.0228 x 10^23 atoms/g-atom
6.0228 x 10^23 molecules/g-mole |
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Unit Charge
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1.602 x 10^-19 C
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Planck's Constant
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6.626 x 10^-34 J-s
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Amu to MeV conversion
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1 amu=931 MeV
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1 Gy
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100 RAD
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1 R
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2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg
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1 Ci
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3.7 x 10^10 Bq
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Speed of light
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3.00 x 10^8 m/s
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Mass of a proton
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1.672649 x 10^-27 kg
or 1.00727 amu |
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Mass of a neutron
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1.674954 x 10^-27 kg
or 1.00866 amu |
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Mass of an electron
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9.109534 x 10^-31 kg
or .511004 MeV or .000548 amu |
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1 dps
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1 Bq
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1 Bq
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2.70 x 10^-11 Ci
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1 eV
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1.602 x 10^-19 J
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1 in
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2.54 cm
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1 ft
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30 cm
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1.1 yd
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1 meter
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1 lb
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454 gm
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2.2 lb
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1 kg
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1 cubic foot
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28.32 liters
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Half Life of Ra-226
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1,600 years
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Half Life of Rn-222
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3.83 days
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Half Life of Co-60
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5.26 years
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Half Life of Cs-137
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30.0 years
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Half Life of Ir-192
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73.8 days
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Half Life of Au-198
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2.7 days
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Half Life of I-125
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59.4 days
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Half Life of Pd-103
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17.0 days
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Photon Energy of Ra-226
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0.047-2.45 MeV
0.83 MeV avg |
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Photon Energy of Rn-222
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0.047-2.45 MeV
0.83 MeV avg |
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Photon Energy of Co-60
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1.17 and 1.33 MeV
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Photon Energy of Cs-137
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0.662 MeV
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Photon Energy of Ir-192
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0.136-1.06 MeV
0.38 MeV avg |
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Photon Energy of Au-198
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0.412 MeV
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Photon Energy of I-125
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0.028 MeV avg
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Photon Energy of Pd-103
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0.021 MeV avg
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Half-Value Layer of Ra-226
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12.0 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of Rn-222
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12.0 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of Co-60
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11.0 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of Cs-137
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5.5 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of Ir-192
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2.5 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of Au-198
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2.5 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of I-125
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0.025 mm lead
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Half-Value Layer of Pd-103
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0.008 mm lead
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Exposure Rate Constant of Ra-226
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8.25 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of Rn-222
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10.15 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of Co-60
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13.07 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of Cs-137
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3.26 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of Ir-192
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4.69 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of Au-198
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2.38 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of I-125
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1.46 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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Exposure Rate Constant of Pd-103
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1.48 R-cm^2/mCi-h
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1 amu
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931 MeV
or 1.66 x 10^-27 kg |
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Number of atoms per gram
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Na/Aw
Na: Avogadro's number=6.0228 x 10^23 atoms/gram-atomic weight Aw: atomic weight |
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Grams per atom
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Aw/Na
Na: Avogadro's number=6.626 x 10^-34 atoms/gram-atomic weight Aw: atomic weight |
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Number of electrons per gram
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(Na - Z)/Aw
Na: Avogadro's number=6.626 x 10^-34 atoms/gram-atomic weight Aw: atomic weight Z: atomic number |
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Energy and mass relationship
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E=mc^2
E: energy in J m: mass in kg c: speed of light=3.00 x 10^8 m/s |
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Maximum number of electrons in a shell
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2n^2
n: the number of the shell |
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Energy and frequency equivalent
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E=hv
E: energy in J h: planck's constant=6.626 x 10^-34 atoms/g-atomic weight v: frequency |
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Energy and wavelength relationship
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E=(hc)/lambda
or E-1.24 x 10^-6/lambda E: energy in J h: planck's constant=6.626 x 10^-34 atoms/g-atomic weight c: speed of light=3.00 x 10^8 m/s lambda: wavelength in meters |
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Frequency and wavelength relationship
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c= v-lambda
c: speed of light=3.00 x 10^8 m/s v: frequency lambda: wavelength in meters |
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Magnification Factor
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field size on the film/field size setting
or SFD/SAD this will always be greater than 1 |
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Min Factor
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field size setting/field size on the film
or SAD/SFD this will always be less than 1 |
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Inverse Square Law
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I1/I2 = D2^2/D1^2
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As the energy of EM radiation increases, do the following increase or decrease:
frequency wavelength speed |
frequency increases
wavelength decreases velocity increases |
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Do all EM radiations have the same
velocity energy mass charge |
velocity: no
energy: no mass: no charge: no |
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Work Formula
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W=Fd
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Force Formula
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F=ma
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Power Formula
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P=w/t
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Scalar
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a quantity that has magnitude only
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Vector
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a quantity that has magnitude and direction
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Newton's first law of motion
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A body in motion stays in motion and a body at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an outside force
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Newton's second law of motion
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When a body is subject to an external force, the force equals the time rate of change of the linear momentum of the body
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Newton's third law of motion
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When one body exerts a force on another, the other body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first body.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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Newton's law of gravity
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fg
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Law of Electrostatics
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F= [k Q1 Q2]/r^2
F: force k: 9 x 10^9 N-m^2/c^2 |
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Fundamental forces and their examples
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1. Strong forces: nuclear, particle (pion)
2. electromagnetic forces: photon 3. weak forces: particle (w particle) 4. gravitation: particle (graviton) |
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Conservation Laws
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Mass, Energy, Linear Momentum, Angular Momentum, and Electric Charge must be constant in a closed system
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The chemical properties of an atom are primarily controlled by its
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valence number
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Which atomic shell has the highest electron binding energy
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k shell
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Which of the four forces of nature governs nuclear binding?
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strong nuclear forces
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Number of atoms formulas
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change in N/change in t= -lambda-N
N=N0 e^-lambda-t lambda: decay constant N: number of atoms N0: initial number of atoms t: time |
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Activity Formulas
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A=lambdaN
A=A0 e^-lambda-t A: activity A0: original activity N: number of atoms lambda: decay constant t: time |
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Half Life
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the time required for either the activity or the number of radioactive ions to decay to half the initial value
T1/2 = 0.693/lambda T1/2: half life lambda: decay constant |
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Mean or Average Life
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the average lifetime for the decay of radioactive ions
Ta= 1/lambda Ta= 1.44T1/2 Ta: average life lambda: decay constant T1/2: half life |
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After n number of half lives, the activity will be reduces to how much of the initial value
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(1/2)^n
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Specific Activity
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the activity per unit mass of a radionuclide
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The 3 naturally occurring and 1 artificially occurring radioactive series
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Natural: actinum series, uranium series, and thorium series
Artificial: neptunium |
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Transient Equilibrium
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the ratio of daughter activity to parent activity is constant if the half life of the parent is not much longer than that of the daughter
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Secular Equilibrium
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the ratio of daughter activity to parent activity is constant if the half life of the parent is much longer than that of the daughter
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A radionuclide's decay rate is affected by
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chemical bonding
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Isobars result from
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positron decay
negatron decay electron capture |
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Average and Maximum Energy Relationship for Beta Emitters
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Eavg = Emax/3
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