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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Define Ionization
2. What does the Excitation of an Orbital (e)- do? 3. Is Ionization damaging? Can it be repaired? 4. How can Ionization damage be reversed? |
1. Removal of an (e)-
2. DEPOSITS its energy ---> Tissue 3. Yes,, it may be Reversed 4. Ionized atom attracts a FREE (e-) to become stable again |
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1. How are x-rays produced? 2. Where do the Electrons needed for x-ray production come from? 3. How are electrons produced?--- What is this process called? 4. What PULLS the (e-)s ---> Anode? |
1. When HIGH SPEED (e-)s rapidly DECELERATE at the Target.
2. Cathode 3. Cathode filament is HEATED and (e-)s are BOILED off---- Thermionic Emission 4. kVp |
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1. Where do the (e-)s Stop within the tube during an x-ray?
2. What conversion occurs at the anode during x-ray production? 3. Why does this conversion occur? 4. What are the 2 types of x-ray interactions that occur IN THE TUBE? |
1. at FOCAL SPOT
2. Kinetic E. from HIGH SPEED (e-)s CONVERTED ---> x-ray photon ENERGY. 3. The Energy acquired through DECELERATION at the anode is transferred ---> x-ray energy 4. Brems & Characteristic |
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1. How is a Brems x-ray produced?
2. What is a Brems x-ray energy equal to? 3. Which of the 2 interactions at the anode is more Useful? Why? 4. How would the energy of a Brems xray be classified? |
1. High speed PROJECTILE (e-), once it reaches the Anode is DEFLECTED & LOSES some of it's K.E. ---> This loss is Emitted as an X-RAY
2. = Initial K.E. of PROJECTILE (e-) MINUS residual E. of the deflected (e-) 3. Brems--- B/c the xrays produced have a variety of Energy Levels 4. POLYEnergetic |
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1. How is a Characteristic X-ray produced?
2. What is the Energy of a Characteristic xray equal to? 3. What does the energy of the projectile (e-) need to equal to or greater than? 4. With a Tungsten Target what energy in Kev does the Projectile (e-) need to be at in order for a Characteristic xray to be produced? |
1. High speed PROJECTILE (e-) EJECTS a K-SHELL (e-) ---> This causes an L shell (e-) to drop into vacancy which EMITS AN XRAY
2. ==> Diff. b/w binding energies of K & L shells 3. The binding energy of the K-SHELL in the Target material used 4. 69 Kev |
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1. Describe Electromagnetic Radiation
2. Forms of Electromagnetic Rad. 3. What do ALL types of E.M. RAD have in common? 4. What is the speed of light equal to? 5. What do different types of E.M Rad differ in? |
1. WAVELIKE fluctuations of Electric & Magnetic Fields
2. EM Rad:-- Microwaves-- Infrared-- UV-- X-rays-- Gamma 3. TRAVEL at SPEED OF LIGHT 4. 3 x 10^8 m/sec 5. Wavelength |
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1. What is Wavelength equal to?
2. How are Energy and Frequency related? 3. How is Wavelength related to BOTH Energy and Frequency? 4. How would an X-RAY be described in terms of Wavelength, Energy & Frequency? |
1. Distance b/w 2 Crests OR 2 Valleys
2. Directly 3. Indirectly 4. HIGH E. & Freq. w/ SHORT Wavelength |
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2. What does Ionizing Rad. do to Neutral Atoms?
3. What do X-ray photons do as they pass through matter? 4. What damage does Ionization cause in General? 5. What does an x-ray's Quality & Quantity mean for biological damage? |
2. Breaks them apart ---> NEG. & POS. ions
3. DEPOSIT some of their energy 4. Chemical & Biological damage 5. May INCREASE/DECREASE possibility of Damage |
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1. What does a HIGHER Quality x-ray beam tell you about its Energy?
2. Define Primary Beam 3. What are the x-rays called that Exit the pt. and Interact w/ the IR? 4. What is x-ray Quantity PRIMARILY controlled by? 5. Quality is PRIMARILY controlled by what? |
1. HIGHER AVG. Energy
2. X-rays that EXIT the Tube 3. Remnant Rad. 4. mAs 5. kVp |
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1. What are the 3 types of Interactions b/w X-rays and Matter?
2. Define Photoelectric Effect & describe what happens? 3. Mathematically how is the amount of Absorption calculated w/ the above Effect? 4. Describe a Compton Scatter interaction 5. What is the Scattered x-ray also known as? 6. What Energy level in General causes Photoelectric Effect?---- Compton Scatter? |
1. Photoelectric Effect -- Compton Scatter & Classical Scattering
2. Xray energy = ABSORBED Completely--- Incident X-ray IONIZES an Inner shell (e-) by using ALL its energy to Eject it as a Photo(e-) 3. Diff b/w Incident X & Binding E. of inner shell (e-) 4. Incident xray Ejects an OUTER Shell (e-) causing the x-ray to Change direction & Lose Energy ---> results in a Scattered x-ray w/ Less energy 5. Compton OR Secondary photon 6. Lower E. rays---HIGHER E. x-rays |
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1. What does Compton Scatter contribute to on the image?
2. How does Compton Scatter affect Occupational Dose 3. What is Classical Scatter also known as? 4. Describe what happens w/ Classical Scatter? |
1. Fog
2. More Scatter ==> INCREASED Occ. dose 3. Coherent -- Rayleigh -- & Unmodified 4. Low E. x-ray ABSORBED by Atom---> Excites Atom which causes Atom to EMIT another x-ray w/ IDENTICAL ENERGY in a different direction |
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1. Does Ionization occur during Classical Scatter?
2. In what 2 interactions w/ MATTER does Ionization occur? 3. Define Attenuation 4. What mathematically is Attenuation equal to? |
1. NO
2. Photoelectric Effect & Compton Scatter 3. DECREASE in Exp. Rate (Quantity) once beam passes through the body == AMOUNT ABSORBED & SCATTERED 4. EXP. Rate of PRIMARY BEAM - Exp. Rate of REMNANT Beam = Attenuation |
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1. Define Amplitude
2. What does a Increase in Voltage do to Amplitude? 3. Why is both AC & DC needed to produce xrays? 4. Why is AC needed in x-ray production?5. Define MUTUAL INDUCTION? |
1. MAX Height of a Wave
2. INCREASES IT 3. Variety of HIGH VOLTAGES needed for X-ray production 4. It's Varying MAGNETIC Field needed for High V. transformer & Autotransformer 5. Moving MAG. Field in a PRIMARY COIL induces Current to flow in SECONDARY COIL |
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1. List the Different types of Equipment for x-ray
2. Define DIRECT CURRENT (DC) 3. Define ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) 4. Define a Wavelength 5. Define a Crest6. Define a Trough |
1. Mobile --- Fixed & Dedicated (CR v.s. DR)
2. Current flows in 1 DIRECTION through a conductor 3. Amplitude & Polarity of Current VARIES periodically 4. 2 half - cycles ( + & - ) 5. PEAK of a Positive cycle6. VALLEY of a Neg. cycle |
