Radiate Animals Phylum Cnidaria And Ctenophora

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Radiate

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Is a broad taxonomic rank that has been used to classify radially symmetric animals

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Diploblastic

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Radiate animals are diploblastic ( developed from only two embronic)

The two layers are the endoderm and ectoderm

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Soft bodies

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Radiate animals are soft bodied invertebrates that lacks cephalization ( having a head)

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Phylum Cnidaria

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Phylum Cnidaria are made up over 9,000 species, including jellfish, sea anemones, and coral

All species are aquatic

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Cnidarian mostly found in

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Are mostly abundant in the warm, tropical water of shallow marine environment

There are also some species that can be found in freshwater. There are no terrestrial species

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Body structure of adult

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The body structure of an adult are composed of two layered body called

epidermis and gastroderm

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Epidermis

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The outer layer from the ectoderm

Epidermis is mostly epitheliomuscular cells (that contract, extend,bend,and pulse body by tentacles of the organism )

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Gastrodermis

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The inner layer formed from the endoderm it lines the gut cavity and function mainly in digestion

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Extrucellular matrix

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In between these two is the mesoglea which is an extrucellular matrix that acts like a glue between the two layers.

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Skeleton

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The mesoglea acts like an elastic skeleton.

Mesoglea jelly is made up 95% of water

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Gastravascular cavity or coelenteron

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Is a blind gut with a single exterior opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus.

Tentacles surround the mouth to aid in feeding

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Nerve net

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Cnidarian don't have a brain.

They have a nervous system called a nerve net.

The nerve net helps them respond to stimuli ( light, temperature, touch) and coordinate active like feeding and traveling

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Simple form

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The nerve net is the simplest from of a nervous system found in multicellular organisms.

Unlike the central nervous system where neurons are group together neuron found in the nerve net are found spread apart.

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Where are the nerve cells found

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Network of the nerve cells are found at both the base of the epidermis and the based of the gastrodermis.

These nerve cells connect the epitheliomuscular cells with sensory cell forming a neuromuscular system.

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Dimorphism ( two body forms)

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All cnidarian forms fits into one of the two morphological types: polpy or medusa.

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Polyp

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The vase shape hydriod form adapted to a sessile life ( they move ) .

Have a tabular shaped body with an aborat end attached to a substrated by the pedal disc ( they can bub).

Have their mouth (oral surface) facing upward

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Polyp groups

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They can be found alone or in groups.

If they are found in groups, individual polpy may have different jobs such as reproduction, feeding, and defense.

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Medusa

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An umbrella or bell shaped form adapted to free floating or weeks of swimming.

The mouth may be pulled downward into the frilly lobes that extended a long way beneath the umbrella or bell.

Medusa have sensory structure for orientation ( statocysts) and light reception ( ocelli)

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Smack

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Is a group of jellies

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Reproduction

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Reproduction differs with each species but can be sexual or asexual

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Sexual reproduction

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Usually occurs doing the Medusa stage of its life cycle.

The contain can be monoecious, like sponges or dioecious ( one organism is either male or female but not both)

Coral and other polyps tend to be monoecious and medusa are mostly dioecious

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External or internal

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Fertilization occurs.

A zygote developed into a motile planula larva.

The ciliated free swimming planula eventually settles on a hard surface and developed into polyp

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Asexual reproduction

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Can occur in either polyp or medusa stage.

Cnidarian in polyp form reproduce asexually by budding or fission

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Budding

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Mini me with a function mouth and tentacles.

1. If the bud stays attached ,then a colony will form .

2. If bud detaches from the polyp makes it a clone

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Fission

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Where an individual divided in half as one side of the pupil pulls away from the other side

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Strobilation

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Pupils make other people's asexually but will eventually produce a Medusa buy a type of budding called strobilation

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Cnidocytes ( stinging cells)

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Cnidarian are a very effective two predators they are able to kill and eat prey that are much more highly organize swift and intelligent

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Tentacles

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That bristle with tiny remarkable sophisticated stinging cells.

Phylum gets its name from these special stinging cells called cnido ( Greek for stinging cell nettle)

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Cnidae

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Cnidocytes contain organelles called cnidae

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Feeding

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Most cnidarian feed on small to medium size fish.

They can expand and stretch their tentacles in search of small vertebrate and invertebrates prey

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Prey

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They can sting and overpower their prey with their tentacles.

They pass their prey through the mouth into the gastravascular cavity for digestion.

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Gland cells

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Discharge enzmegan the food being to extracellular digestion.

Intracellular digestion accurs in the gastrodermis

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Corals supplemented

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from zoaxanthellae their algae symbionts

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Nematocyst

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Contains a tiny coiled, tubular,filament in sit of it.

The filament has a barb on the end to inject a toxins into prey or predators.

The Nematocyst discharge this barbed filament when something touches the Nematocyst sensor or cnidocil.

A small is speared with hundreds or thousands of Nematocyst and is quickly immobilized by the toxins

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The severity of your reaction depends on

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The type and size of a jellyfish, your age, your size, your health how long you been exposed to the stingers, how much your skin has been affected. It is mostly to affect young children and people with poor health.

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Replace

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Cnidocytes are absorbed and replaced after uses.

Not all cnidea have barbs and inject posion some are adhesive cnidae are instead used for attachment and location

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Four major class of cnidarians

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Scyphozoa: true jellyfish

Cubozoa: box jellies with complex eyes and potent toxins

Hydrozoa: most diverse group with siphonophores,hydra, Portuguese man of war

Anthozoa:largest group which includes true corals, sea anemones and sea pens

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Class scyphozoa

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Come from the Greek word "skyphos"

True jellies mostly in the Medusa stage.

The average bell size is 2 to 40 cmThey can be much bigger

They can be much bigger

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Tumblr jellyfish

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A larva can be trapped in bathing suits resulting in an internally, itchy red rash with small blister.

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Giant jellyfish

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Are 3 ft wide and weigh as much as 330 lb it can grow as long as 15 ft

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Predators

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Such as leatherback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtle, sea slugs, ocean sunfish, and blanket octopus will eat jellyfish

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Class Cubozoa

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Box jellies names for their cube-shaped Medusa

Some cubozoa Medusa may range up to 25 cm tall but most are 2 to 3 cm

A pinnacle or group of tentacles is found attached to each corner of the square

Box jellies have well-developed eyes

There are two from of the ocelli ( simple eyes or eyespot) and a sophisticated camera type eye with a cornea and cellular lens

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Box jellies

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Are extremely strong swimmers so they don't wash up on beaches like other jellyfish

They are very aggressive swimmers in Victorious predator they mostly feed on fish near shore areas

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Box jellies kills

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Box jellies are known as the most venomous animal in the world it has caused at least 5,567 recorded deaths since 1954

Toxins attack the heart and nervous system Venom is overpowering really painful that the human go straight into a shock and can drown or die of heart failure survivors experience pain weeks after contact with box jellies

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Chironex flecheri- sea wasp

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Is a large box jelly known as a sea wasp it is tropically found in the waters off Northern Australia they are pale blue or green

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Carukia barnes-Irukandji jellyfish

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Is only 2.5 cm in diameter which makes it difficult to see

Unlike most jellyfish irukandji has stinger on its bell

Irukandji syndrome: vomiting, sweating, headache, rapid heartbeat, very high blood pressure, its maybe life threatening and they can also call heart failure they are mostly found in Northern Australia but they were recently found in Florida

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Class of hydrozoa

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The Moral Majority old hydrozoa are Marine and colonial

The marine species are more complex than freshwater species the Greek word Hydro refers to sea serpents and zoo refers to animals

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Siphonophores:

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colonies of specialized individual called zooids

Different zooids have a specific function like feeding, reproduction,or movement

Gastrozoids the bodies of siphonophores spread long tentacles stabbed with stinging cells

Have a tropical life cycle including both an asexual people and asexual Medusa stage

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Hydra

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Most abundant freshwater type of cnidarians approximately 3,700 worldwide and 16 of the live in the USSome live and quiet ponds lakes and streams they're mostly found behind Leaves Under lily pads and clean fresh water they must eat insect larvae and worms

Some live and quiet ponds lakes and streams they're mostly found behind Leaves Under lily pads and clean fresh water they must eat insect larvae and worms

Naturally Hydro are white or brown color but most look green because of the allergy living inside them attach themselves to rocks or water plants by means of a sticky secretion produced by an area called the basal or disc they can leave buy floating away or bubbles

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Physulia physalis - Portuguese man-of-war

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The rainbow head gas field Medusa a blue and pink floats and keeps the colony at the top surface of the ocean carries its along the surface meaning or blown to the shore when the eastern coast of the US and the can be dangerous to humans tentacles can be up to 50 ft long filled with Nematocyst yuh bills in the colony attached to the tentacles they can feed digest or sexual reproducers 1000 can be found in one

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Class Anthozoa

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"Anths" which refers to flower with their bright colors and elaborate crowns of tentacles

All are marine and can be found in deep, shallow, polar and tropical seas.

Very greatly in size and many be solitary or colonial.

Many form are supported by a skeleton.

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Anthozoa subclass

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Anthozoa has three subclass and there are Hexacoral, Cerianti Pathoria, Octocorallia

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Hexacoral

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Sea anemones, hard coral contains stony and hard coral (Maine component)

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Cerianti Pathoria

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Tube anemones and thorny coral

Has a simple unbranded tentacle

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Octocorallia

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Soft and horny corals ( sea fans, sea pens, sea pasise)

8 feather like tentacles per polyp

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Sea anemones

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The sea anemones is consider to be the flower of the sea and named after the equally flashy terrestrial anemone flower

1,000 are found

They are mostly found close to the shore and they come in different colors

They can be small as a half of an inch or as large as 6ft

They mostly eat shrimp or small fish

Sea anemones are mutualistic with the hermit crab and the clown fish both gets food form the anemones and the clown fish is protected by a mucus.