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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is matter? |
Anything that occupies space and has mass |
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What is matter made of? |
Atoms |
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Define mass |
Quantity of matter in a physical object |
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Distinguish weight vs mass |
Weight is the force exerted on a body under gravity whereas mass is described by its energy equivalent (kg) and doesn't change |
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What is the unit of energy? |
Joules (J) |
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Distinguish potential vs kinetic energy |
Potential energy has the ability to do work by virtue of position whereas kinetic energy is the energy of motion released from potential energy |
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Define chemical energy |
Energy released by chemical reactions |
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What is chemical energy known as at the molecular level? |
Biochemical |
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What is electrical energy? |
Work done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage) |
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What is thermal energy?
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Energy of motion at the molecular level or the kinetic energy of molecules |
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What is nuclear energy? |
Energy contained within the nucleus of an atom |
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What are some examples of electromagnetic energy? |
Radio waves, light waves, x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, & ultraviolet/infrared/visible light (DOES NOT include sound or diagnostic ultrasound) |
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Define the law of energy conservation |
States that energy can't be destroyed, only converted from one form to another |
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Define radiation |
Electromagnetic energy emitted and transferred through space |
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Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be __________________. |
Irradiated or exposed |
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Define ionizing radiation |
A type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts |
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What is an ion pair? |
The orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated |
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What is a milisievert (mSv)? |
A unit of effectiv dose and is used to express radiation exposure of populations and risk of exposure |
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What are the four natural environmental exposures? |
Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, Radon, and internally deposited radionuclides |
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What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation? |
Radon |
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Who discovered x-rays and when? |
Wilhelm Roentgen on November 8, 1895 |
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What are the three types of x-ray exams? |
Radiography (solid state or film), Fluoroscopy (dynamic images), & Computed tomography (CT) (Detector array used to produce a volume of data) |
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What are x-ray voltages measured in? |
Kilovolt peak (kVp) |
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When was the first x-ray fatality recorded? |
1904, though likely occurred prior |
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List some radiation protection measures |
Filtration, shielding, collimation, protective barriers |
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What are the three basic measurable quantities? |
Time, mass, and length |
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What are the SI units for mass, length, and time? |
Mass = kg (kilograms) Length = m (meters) Time = s (seconds) |
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What are the two parts of any measurement? |
Magnitude and unit |
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Describe mechanics |
A segment of physics that deals with objects at rest (static) and objects in motion (dynamic) |
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Define velocity |
Measure of how fast something is moving or the rate of change with time
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What are the units of velocity in SI? |
Meters per second (m/s) |
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What is the equation for velocity? |
v=d/t |
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Define acceleration |
The rate of change of velocity with time (either increasing or decreasing) |
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If velocity is constant, what is the acceleration? |
Zero |
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Describe Newton's First law |
An object in motion will remain in motion or at rest will remain at rest until acted upon by an outside force |
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Describe Newton's Second Law |
The force that acts on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced (F=ma) |
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Describe Newton's Third Law |
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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Objects that fall to Earth fall at what kind of rate? |
Constant; 10m/s^2 |
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Define momentum |
Produce of the mass of an object and its velocity |
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The ______________ the velocity, the more momentum is produced |
greater |
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Total momentum before any interaction is ___________ the total momentum after the interaction |
equal to |
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What is the equation for work? |
W=fd (work = force * distance) |
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What is the unit of work? |
joule |
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Define power |
Power is the rate of doing work |
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What is the equation for power? |
P=W/t |
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What is the SI unit of power? |
J/s (Joule/second) |
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What is heat described as? |
The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules |
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The more rapid and disordered the motion of the molecules, the _________ heat the object contains |
more |
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What is the unit of heat? |
The calorie, which is defined as the heat necessary to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1degree Celsius |
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Heat is transferred by what three methods? |
Radiation, convection, conduction |
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What instrument is used to measure temperature and what reference points does it use? |
A thermometer; the freezing and boiling points of water
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What are the three scales used to measure temperature? |
Celsius, Fahrenheit, & Kelvin |
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Which temperature scale does not use the freezing point of water? |
Kelvin |
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What are the extremely cold liquids used by MRI machines? |
Cryogens such as liquid nitrogen and helium |
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What is the main difference between milliampere per second (mAs) and kilovolt peak (kVp)? |
mAs is the quantity of radiation or the dose and kVp is the quality of radiation received or the penetrability |
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What varies with high and low kVp? |
The wavelength |
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What is Air Kerma? |
Kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation |
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How is air kerma measured? |
Joules per kilogram (J/kg) |
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What is the unit of radiation exposure
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Air kerma (Gya)
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What is the absorbed dose? |
The radiation energy absorbed per unit mass and has units J/kg or (Gyt) |
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For a given air kerma (or amount of radiation exposure) what does the absorbed dose depend on? |
The type of tissue being irradiated |
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What does RAD stand for? |
Radiation Absorbed Dose |
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What is a Sievert? |
The effective dose, what occupational monitoring devices are analyzed in terms of |
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What is a becquerel? |
The unit of quantity of radioactivity material (NOT the radiation emitted by that material) |
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What does one becquerel measure? |
The quantity of radioactivity in which a nucleus disintegrates every second (1d/s = 1Bq) |
