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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Random Selection
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a samoke group of a larger population selected in such a way that each subject within the population has an equal chance of being selected
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Range
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the lowest score in a distribution subtracted from the highest score.
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Rosalie Rayner
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one of the researchers involved in the Little Albert Case
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Recessive genes
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the gene that produces its characteristics only when there are two, if not it will be outnumbered by a more superior gene.
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Reflexes
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certain reactions occur naturally
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Reinforcement
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A stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated, Pavlov experiment
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Relative Size Cue
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objects that are drawn larger are closer
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Reliability
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ability to test something under the similar conditions amd gain a similar conclusion.
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REM Sleep
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period in our sleep cycle when our brain produces intense activity, eyes dart back and forth and many of our muscles may twitch; dreams usually occur here
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Representative Sample
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a survey that takes out a portion of the whole population
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Robert Rescorla
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a cognitive theorist that came up with the contingency theory that stated a stimulus must provide certain info for the likelihood of the events to take occur.
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Response Chain
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learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next, (i.e swimming)
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Response Criteria
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the factors that determine how likely and motivated a person is to detect certain stimuli, aka reciever operating characteristics
(i.e more likely to smell food when hungry) |
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Responses
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learned reactions that occur after a stimulus is given or to an experiment
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Retina
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the part of your eye where the images are inverted; specialized neurons that are activated by the different wavelengths
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Retinal Disparity
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the differences between the images stimulating eacg eye, essential to our sense of depth perception
(i.e brining an object closer to your eyes) |
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Reverse Tolerance
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when an individual ingests the hallogen again during time more profound and potentially dangerous effects will take place.
(i.e second dose may be less than the first but cause the same or greater effects) |
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Reward
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Behaviorist propsed individuals will continue to do something if they receive this
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Right Brain
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part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for visual and spatial relationships, recognizing patterns, and creativity
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Rods
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cells in the retina that respond to black and white
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Role Theory
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the theory that there is a tendency for people to act out in the way that is expected of them and that the results of hypnosis correspond directly to a persons understanding and expectation of it.
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Rooting Reflex
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when a baby is touched on a cheek, he or she will automatically turn its head to the side where they were stroked.
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Salient
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stimuli that are easily noticeable and therefore creates a more powerful conditioned response
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Sampling
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the small group oof subjects, out of the total number, available of a target population, that a researcher studies
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Scatter Plot
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a graph of scores that demostrates the direction of the relationship between two variables
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Schema Creation
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the ability to make a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information in your mind based on new information you encounter
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Schemata
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a mental representation of how we expect the world to be
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Scientific Method
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having to do with the experimental process one must follow in the scientific world
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Secondary Reinforcers
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the stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with primary reinforcers
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Second-order Conditioning
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a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditoning, then the CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus until the new stimulus also elicits a conditioned response
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Secure Attachments
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a type of attachment that allows an infant to be left ina new environment and confidently explore it and return to its parents when they get back.
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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a belief, prediction, or expectation that operates to bring about its own fulfillment
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Senile Dementia
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a part of getting older when social cogntivie ability reduces comes with old age
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Sensation
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physical feeling resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body; the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the brain
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Senses
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Energy senses:
vision, hearing, touch Chemical Senses: taste, smell Bosy position senses: Kinesthetic, vestibular |
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Sensorimotor
(ages) |
part of the cognitive theory of development, babies being exploring the world strictly through their senses, being to develop object permanence
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Sensorineural Deafness
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occurs whent he hair cells in the cochlea are damaged, usually by a loud noise (i.e going to the club, football game, concert)
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Sensory Cortex
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located in the parietal lobes that recieves incoming touch sensations fromt he rest of the body
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Serotonin
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a neurotrasmitter that is responsible for motor movement, lack is associated with clinical depression
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Sex Glands
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where sex cells (gametes) are produced
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Shadowing
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a monocular depth cue that uses this in a picture to imply where the light is
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Shaping
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a technique in which the desired behanvior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requires similar behaviors before giving a reward
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Signal-Detection Theory
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investigates the effects of the distractions and interfernces experienced while perceiving the world.
(quaterback, new mother) |
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Similarity
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objects that are almost the same in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group.
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Simultaneous Condtioning
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the CS and US are presented at the same time
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Single-Blind Experiment
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an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants receive treatment
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Situation-Relevant Confounding Variables
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situations into which different groups put in must be the equal except for the differences produced by the independent variables
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B.F Skinner
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a behaviorist associated with operant conditoning, believes in concept of reinforcement, performed the Skinner Box experiment
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Sleep Apnea
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a sleep disorder which a person has trouble breathing while sleeping causing the person to disrupt sleep to gasp for air, causing tiredness ans interference with attention and memory
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Sleep Onset
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period when we are falling asleep, brain begins to produce alpha waves when we are drowsy
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Sleepwalking
(aka Somnambulism) |
a sleeping disorder in which a person is partly but not completely awake during the night and walks or carries out other behaviors
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Social Learning
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process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Learning=purposeful |
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Social Learning Theory
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Bandura's theory that individuals imitate eachother and nothing is original, whether it is on television or friends it happens all the time
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Social-Cognitive Theory of Gender Development
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a theory that states that children learn their roles through observing and imitating someone else of the same sex
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Sociocultural Perspective
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a study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence on our behavior and social functioning
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Somatic Nervous System
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a division in the peripheral nervous system that controls our voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles
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Somato-Sensory Cortex
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denoting a sensation(touch) that can occur anywhere in the body
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Sound waves
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sound converted into this once it enters into our middle ear in order to be encoded into our brain.
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Spermarche
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the first ejaculation of boys
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Spinal Cord
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bundle of nerves within the spine that suns down the length of the back and transmits messages back and forth between body and brain
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Split-Brain Patients
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individuals with the two hemispheres of their brain sepreated sicne their corpus collusum is cut, they adapt easily and most people will never be able to know a person is a split brain patient however there are some speech effects they cannot be able to perform
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Spontaneous Recovery
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when the CS and US are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly
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stage 1 of sleep
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light sleep
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stage 2 of sleep
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EEG starts to show sleep spindles which are short bursts of rapid brain waves. we go back through this and stage 3.
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stage 3 of sleep
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DELTA WAVES occur here. alternate between this and stage two.
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stage 4 of sleep
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very deep sleep. we don't spend that much time here but if woken up, we feel cranky.
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standard deviation
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square root of variance. measures average distance from mean.
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state theory
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hypnosis meets some parts of the def. of an altered state of consciousness. we become more/less aware of our environment.
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statistically significant
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unlikely to have occurred by chance.
.05 for p value |
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stimuli
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any aspects of or changes in the environment to which an organism responds
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stirrup (stapes)
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last bone of ossicles which sound travels through until it reaches the oval window. found in middle ear.
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stratified sample
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allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria.
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stroop effect
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when naming the actual colors of words of colors takes caution because written name naturally interferes with ink color.
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structuralism
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idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations
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subconscious
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information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior
ex:priming |
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subject-relevant confounding variable
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would allow those people that liked violent movies or were prone to violence already to choose to be in the experimental group. We therefore could not accurately find that viewing violence led to aggression.
PARTICIPANT RELEVANT CONFOUNDING VARIABLE subjects choose |
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subliminal
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it is below our absolute threshold. not perceived.
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sucking reflex
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when an object is placed into the baby's mouth, the infant will suck on it.
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sympathetic nervous system
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part of the autonomic nervous system (which is part or peripheral nervous system). expends energy.
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synapse
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gap that exists between the axon terminals of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron
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taste buds
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located on papillae (bumps you see on tongue) and all over the tongue and some parts of the inside of the cheeks and root of mouth
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telegraph speech
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speech that babies use that makes sense to adults
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temporal lobes
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concerned with hearing, memory emotion and speaking. [advanced visual processing]
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teratogens
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certain chemicals or agents that can cause harm to an unborn baby if ingested or contracted by the mother
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terminal buttons
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the branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters
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testes
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the male sex gland, produces testosterone
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testosterone
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sex hormone for men produced by testes.
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texture gradient
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we are able to see details in texture in objects close to us not far away.
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thalamus
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located on top of the brain stem, it's responsible for receiving the sensory signals coming up the spinal cord and sending them to the appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain
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thanatology
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study of death and dying
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the case of genie
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shows how social interaction is necessary for language development and the window of opportunity for learning language
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the principles of psychology
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psychology's first textbook published in 1890 by william james
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theory
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a set of assumptions used to explain why something is the way it is and happens the way it does
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thorndike, edward
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Came up with law of effect. american psychologist; believed that learning is incremental and occurs automatically. theory of learning states that all animals learn the same way. law of exercise (use and disuse), recency, and readiness. LAW OF EFFECT.
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threshold
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a limit
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token economy
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conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards.
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tolerance
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a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect
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Tolman, Edward
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1930s argued that learning involved mental processes. he experimented with rats to show this. came up with COGNITIVE MAP and LATENT LEARNING
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top-down processing
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we perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense
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trace conditioning
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presentation of cs, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the us.
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trichromatic theory
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oldest and simplest theory of how and why we see color. we have 3 types of cones (BLUE, GREEN, AND RED). Cones activated by different combination that make up the visible spectrum. doesnt explain some visual phenomenons like color blindness and after images
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trust vs. mistrust
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happens in early infancy. babies' focus is on whether the world can provide for their needs or not.
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turner's syndrome
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a chromosomal abnormality in which babies are born with a single x chromosome on the 23rd pair (the one that determines gender)
physical characteristics: shortness, webbed necks, differences in physical sexual development |
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twin studies
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studies using twins to determine the interplay of nature and nurture. identical twins are used and fraternal twins are used as controls
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unconditioned response
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an organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus.
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unconditioned stimulus
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an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training
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unconscious
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some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into the unconscious mind
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unconscious mind
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a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access to
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validity
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means accuracy. whether a test measures what it purports to measure
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variable-interval schedule
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a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement.
TIME |
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variable-ratio schedule
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a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable NUMBER of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained.
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variance
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equals the standard deviation square. measures average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean
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vestibular system
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3 semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, is located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve
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visual cliff experiment
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an infant is placed on one side of a glass table and the one with depth perception does not walk across
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visual preferences of babies
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3-4 month-old infants prefer to look at human faces and patterns
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volume
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the volume of a material is conserved even if the material's container or shape changes
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watson, john
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him and Rosalie Rayner showed how conditioning could be used on a human infant. LITTLE ALBERT experiment.
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weber's law
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is used to compute the difference threshold. states that the change needs to be proportional to original intensity of the stimulus.
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wernicke's area
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located in the temporal lobe. interprets spoken and written speech. damaging this would affect out ability to understand language (we could talk normally except that we might use improper syntax and incorrect grammatical structure.
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wertheimer, max
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gestalt psychologist (1880-1943) argued for examining a person's total experience
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withdrawal
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symptoms that may range from headaches to dehydrating and potentially fatal night sweats.
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wundt, william
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set up the FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY in 1879 in an apartment in Germany
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xx
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female. chromosomes for women on 23rd pair.
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xy
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male. chromosomes for men on 23rd pair.
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z scores
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measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation
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