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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many leukocytes are in one microliter of blood?
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5,000 to 10,000
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What is the main function of leukocytes?
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Defense against disease
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What is leukocytosis?
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increased count of WBC's (>11,000)
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What are the two categories of leukocytes?
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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What are the granulocytes?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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What are the agranulocytes?
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monocytes and lymphocytes
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White blood cells (greatest to least)
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neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils |
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What are the characteristics of neutrophils? |
Granulocyte Polymorphonuclear (multi-lobed) nucleus Twice the size of RBCs Contains hydrolytic enzymes or defensins Very phagocytic "Bacteria slayers" |
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What are the characteristics of eosinophils?
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Granulocyte Bi-lobed (owl-eyed) nucleus Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms Allergies and asthma Modulates immune response |
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What are characteristics of basophils?
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Granulocyte Rarest WBCs Large, obstructed nucleus Contains histamine (vasodilator to attract WBCs to inflamed sites) |
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What are characteristics of lymphocytes?
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Agranulocyte Large, circular nucleus with halo Mostly in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) Crucial to immunity |
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What are the two types of lymphocytes and what are their functions?
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T-cells: acts against virus-infected cells and tumor cells B-cells: produces antibodies |
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What are the characteristics of monocytes?
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Largest leukocytes Kidney shaped nucleus Immature (matures into macrophages) |
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What is leukopoiesis?
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Production of WBCs |
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Where do all leukocytes orginate? |
Hemocytoblasts
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What are the two types of chemical messengers that stimulate leucopoiesis and where are they found?
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Interleukins (IL-3, IL-5) Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Found in red bone marrow and mature WBCs |
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What do lymphoid stem cells produce?
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lymphocytes
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What do myeloid stem cells produce?
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basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
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Where are granulocytes stored?
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bone marrow
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What is leukopenia? |
Abnormally low WBC count--drug induced
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How does leukemia affect the WBCs? |
It produces an overabundance of WBCs--usually 250,000 to 1,000,000
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What are the different types of leukemia? |
Myeloid-involves myeloblast descendents (B,E,N, M) Lymphocytic-involves lymphocytes |
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What are the characteristics of infectious mononucleosis?
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AKA Epstein-Barr virus High numbers of atypical agranulocytes |
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What are characteristics of platelets?
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Blood clotting Megakaryoctyes Granules contain serotonin, calcium ion, enzymes, ADP and platelet-derived growth factor |
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What is hemostasis? |
Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
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What are the steps in hemostasis?
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1. Vascular spasm-(vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessel) 2. Platelet plug formation-(exposes collagen fibers and platelets adhere) 3. Coagulation-(Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets, which forms a clot |
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What are the disorders of hemostasis?
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Thromboembolic disorders: undesirable clot formation Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)-involves both types |
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What is a thrombus?
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clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel |
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What is an embolus?
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thrombus freely floating in the bloodstream
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What is an embolism?
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embolus obstructing a vessel (most common in lungs) |
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What are the risk factors?
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artherosclerosis, inflammation, slowly flwoing blood or blood stasis from immobility
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What is thrombocytopenia?
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deficient number of circulating platelets |
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What are symptoms of thrombocytopenia?
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Petichiae-appear due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage Due to suppression or destruction of red bone marrow (malignancy, radiation, drugs) |
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What are the characteristics of impaired living function? |
Inability to synthesize procoagulants Vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis |
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What is are the different types of hemophilia?
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Hemophilia A-most common type; factor VIII deficiency Hemophilia B-factor IX deficiency Hemophilia C-factor XI deficiency |
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What are the types of blood transfusions?
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Whole-blood: used when blood loss is rapid and substantial Packed red cells: plasma and WBCs removed, used to restore oxygen-carrying capacity |
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What are the blood groups?
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A, B, AB, O |
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Type A blood
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contains A antigen anti B Can receive blood from A, O |
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Type B blood
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contains B antigen anti A Can receive blood from B, O |
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Type AB blood
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Universal recipient contains A and B antigen no antibodies Can receive A, B, AB, O |
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Type O blood
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Universal donor no antigens anti A and anti B Can receive O |
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Rh factor
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Anti-Rh antibodies not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals |
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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occurs in Rh- mom with Rh+ fetus occurs with 2nd baby who is Rh+ (in Rh- mom's) Rh- mother receives Rhogam injection at appox 28 weeks |
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What is blood typing?
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Mixing RBCs with antibodies against its agglutinogens causes clumping or RBCs Done for ABO and for Rh factor |