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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what kind of gland is endocrine?
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ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood. include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
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other organ tissues w/ endocrine fx include: hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, heart, adipose tissue, placenta, etc
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what kind of gland is exocrine?
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secrete their products into ducts into lumen of organ, outer surface of body, mucus or digestive. incl. sebaceous, sudoriferous
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what kind of organs have both endocrine and exocrine fx?
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pancreas,
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what controls the pituitary and what hormones does is produce?
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hypothalamus->9 releasing or inhibiting hormones to affect the pituitary.
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list the main endocrine glands
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hypothalamus, adrenal cortex and medulla, anterior and posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas
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what hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
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hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH
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what hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?
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oxytocin and ADH
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what is the fx of hGH
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acts on most body tissues and stimulates body growth, regulates metabolism. Increases rate of protein synthesis, promotes breakdown of liver glycogen in to glucose.
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what conditions are caused by irregularities in hGH production
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too much: gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults
too little: pituitary dwarfism |
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what is the fx of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
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TSH stimulate the thyroid to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and depends on blood levels of T3 and T4
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what is the fx of LH (luteinizing hormone)
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in females, LH triggers ovulation.
in males, LH stimulates sperm production, and testosterone secretion |
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what is the fx of PRL (prolactin)
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brings about milk secretion
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what is the fx of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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controls secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex
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what is the fx of Oxytocin
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enhances contraction of smooth muscle in labor and stimulates milk ejection
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what is the fx of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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ADH promotes water resorption from renal tubules and decreases urine production. It is also called Vasopressin
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what is the the fx of T3 and T4
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increase basal metabolism and oxygen use, cellular metabolism and growth and development of body
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Calcitonin, produced in the thyroid, and PTH (parathyroid hormone) control what in the body?
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Calcitonin decreases blood calcium by promoting mvmt of Ca+ ions into the bony matrix. PTH regulates CA+, Mg, Ph, moves them from bone to blood. They are antagonistic
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what hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?
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1. mineralcorticoids in the outer zone
2. glucocorticoids in the middle zone and 3. Androgen in the inner zone |
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what is the fx of Mineralocorticoids?
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control the homeostasis of water, NA+ and Ka+. Most active is Aldosterone (stores Na+, excretes Ka+ in urine)
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what is the fx of Glucocorticoids?
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the most abundant is cortisol.
1. promote protein breakdown into amino acids 2. promote glucose formation 3. stimulate lipolysis 4. resistance to stress 5. anti-inflammatory effects but retard tissue healing and repair. 6. depress immune responses |
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What is the fx of Androgen?
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protein synthesis in sex organ cells. contribute to libido, testosterone production, are converted to estrogen and axillary and pubic hair growth
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What are the hormones produced in the Adrenal Medulla?
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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what is the fx of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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stimulate fight or flight response w/ ANS. Help body to resist stress by increasing heart rate, forceof cardiac ms. contraction, blood flow to organs and BP. Epin. can also release spasm of smooth muscle.
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What are the hormones produces in the Pancreas?
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Glucagon and Insulin
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What is the fx of Glucagon
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increase the blood glucose level when it falls below normal
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what is the fx of Insulin?
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decreases blood sugar level by accelerating diffusion into body cells
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Besides hGH, which hormone also relates to growth in children?
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T3 and T4
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Besides the sex glands (ovary, testes) what is another resource for sex hormones?
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Androgen produced in the Adrenal Cortex
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what diseases are caused by abnormal levels of Glucocorticoids?
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too much: Cushings
too little: Addisons |
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what diseases are caused by abnormal levels of thyroid hormone?
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too much: hyperthyroidism
too little: Hypothyroidism (myxedema) and Cretinism |
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what diseases are caused by abnormal levels of hGH?
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too much: Gigantism, Acromegaly
too little: pituitary dwarfism |
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what diseases are caused by abnormal levels of insulin?
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too little : diabetes
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what diseases are caused by abnormal levels of ADH?
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too little : Diabetes Insipidus
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What is a feedback mechanism between two hormones?
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Secretion of one hormone is dependent on serum levels of another hormone
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what is the normal range of RBCs and WBCs?
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RBCs: lifespan = 120 days
number = 4.5-5.o million/mm3 WBCs : lifespan = 5-9 days number = 150K -400K/ mm3 |
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Lists the proteins contained in Blood Plasma
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Albumins: 54% maintain blood osmotic pressure
Globulins: 38% include antibodies, immunoglobulins Fibrinogens: 7% clot formation |
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An increase in the number of neutrophils can be seen in what kind of situation?
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Neutrophils increase in bacterial infection or leukemia
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An increase in the number of lymphocytes can be seen in what kind of situation?
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Lymphocytes increase in viral infection or leukemia
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An increase in the number of eosinophils can be seen in what kind of situation?
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Eosinophils increase in allergic response or parasitic disease
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What is the fx of platelets?
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when vessels are damaged, platelets help stop blood loss by forming a plug and releasing chemicals that help stop clotting
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What is the effect of Vitamin K on the blood?
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Vit K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and 3 other clotting factors and is used as a medicine to stop bleeding
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What is the effect of heparin or warfarin?
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both inhibit clotting (anti-coagulants)
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What is the effect of aspirin on the blood?
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aspirin inhibits vascular spasm and platelet aggregation.
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What is the ABO system?
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ABO is a blood-typing system based on 2 isoantigens called antigen A and B. ie. Type A blood contains antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B in the serum
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What is the Rh Blood typing system?
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named Rh b/c the Rhesus monkey has similar RBC antibodies, this gives blood types the + or -. People with the antigen are Rh positive, those w/o are negative
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How is bone marrow different in anemia?
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in Iron-deficient and Megaloblastic anemia (pernicious), the bone marrow is Hyper-cellular.
In Aplastic anemia, the bone marrow is hypocellular |
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what kind of factors cause Megaloplastic Anemia?
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This is also called Pernicious Anemia, and is a deficiency of B12 and folate. This can be caused by chronic gastritis, deficiency of intrinsic factor.
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Hemophilia is what kind of deficiency?
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a rare hereditary disorder or different clotting factors where bleeding can be spontaneous and difficult to stop
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what is the difference between the myocardium and other muscles?
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It is both smooth-involuntary and striated. This type is only found in the heart.
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What are the 4 valves and their locations
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1. Right Atrioventricular valve (AV, tricuspid)
2. Left Atrioventricular Valve (bicuspid) 3. Pulmonary Valve (right ventrical to pulm artery--is semilunar) 4. Aortic Valve (Left ventrical to aortia-semilunar) |
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart and where do they each receive blood from and pump it to?
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Right Atrium- receives de-O2 blood from body thru superior and inferior vena cava. Sends blood to ...
Right Ventricle: sends blood to Pulmonary artery to lungs back thru pulmonary vein w/ O2 blood to ... Left Atrium to Left Ventricle which then then pumps O2 blood to body thru Aorta |
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What are the main blood vessels connected to the heart and where do they take blood?
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1. Sup and Inf Vena Cava bring de-O2 blood from upper and lower body to right atrium
2. Pulmonary Artery takes de-O2 blood from R Vent. to lungs to exchange O2/CO2. 3. Pulmonary Vein takes O2 blood from lungs back to L Atrium 4. O2 blood leaves L Vent and heart thru Aorta to body |
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Which heart valves have Chordae Tendinae and Papillary muscles?
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LEft and Right AV valves
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During Systolic and Diastolic phases, which valves are opening and closing?
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During Systole, the Atria Contract/close
During Diastole, the Ventricles relax |
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Where is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
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the Sinoatrial (SA) Valve is located in the upper wall of the right atrium
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The basic EKG will present which part fo the heart's activity?
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EKGs record changes in electrical currents produced by the contracting heart muscle.
P-wave: depolarization, activity of atria QRS wave: depolarization, activity of ventricals T-wave: repolarization, recovering activity of ventricles. |
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What's the difference between Right and Left heart failure?
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Left Ht failure: s/s lung congestion, acute pulm. edema, cyanosis, frothy sputum.
Right ht failure: s/s chronic pulm ht disease, edema esp. in feet, systemic congestion, peripheral edema, veins stand out in neck |
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What is the normal range of the heartbeat?
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60 - 100 bpm
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How does the ANS affect heartrate?
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Sympathetic NS increases heart rate.
Parasymp. NS lowers heartrate |
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What is the most common cause of valvular heart disease?
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Rheumatic heart disease from past rheumatic fever or strep infection
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