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132 Cards in this Set
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development
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pattern of changes that begin at conception and continues through life span
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Normative age-graded influences
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biological, sociocultural, and environmental influences that are similar for individuals of the same age group examples: puberty, menopause, beginning school, retirement |
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Normative history-graded influences
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influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances Examples: 9/11, Great Depression, WW2 |
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Non-normative life events
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life events that are unique to an individual Examples: death of parent, winning lottery, teen pregnancy |
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Continuity-discontinuity issue
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focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumlative change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity)
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2 types of changes in development
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Quantitive: weight and height, # of words spoken Qualtitive: moving from a beginning reader to an emergent reader to a full reader |
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5 aspects of development
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1) physical development 2) intellectual or cognitive development 3) personality development 4) social development 5) moral development |
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life span perspective
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the belief that development occurs throughout life
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culture
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behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
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ethnicity
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rooted in cultural heritage, race, religion, and language
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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refers to a person's position in society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
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social policy
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a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens values, economics, & politics all shape a nations social policy |
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biological process
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produce changes in an individuals physical nature example: genes inherited by parents, brain development, height & weight |
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cognitive process
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changes in an someone's thought process, intelligence, and language example: memorizing a poem, solving a word puzzle |
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socioemotional process
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changes in the indivduals relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality example: joy at senior prom, affection of elderly couple, etc |
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prenatal period
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the time from conception to birth and involves a lot of growth
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identity exploration
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especially love and work
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instability
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changes in love, work, and education |
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self focused
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in the sense that they have little in the way of social obligations and commitments to others; running their own lives
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feeling in between
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dont consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults
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the age possibilities
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a time when people have an opportunity to transform their lives
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conceptions of age (chronological age)
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the # of years that have elapsed since birth Age is not only chronological; its also biological, psychological, and social |
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biological age
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a person's age in term of biological health The longer the person's biological age, the longer they are expected to live |
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nature vs nuture
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nature- an organisms biological inheritance nurture-enviromental experiences |
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stability change issue
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involves the degree to which early traits & characteritics persist or change as a person matures
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theory
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an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help explain phenomena & make predictions
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hypothesis
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specific assertions and predictions that can be tested
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Erickson's theory
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1) integrity vs depair 2) generativity vs stagnation 3) intimacy vs isolation 4) identity vs identity confusion 5) Industry vs inferiority 6) initiative vs guilt 7) autonomy vs shame/doubt 8) trust vs mistrust |
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Piaget's theory
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states that children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world
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Vygotsky's theory
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emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development -involves learning |
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information-processing theory
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empasizes that people manipulate information, motor it, and strategize about it
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micro genetic method
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seeks to discover not just what children know but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquire the knowledge
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ethology
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Konard Lorenz (1903-1989)- helped bring ethology to prominence studied the behavior of greylag geese, which follow their mothers as soon as they hatch |
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impriting
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the rapid, innate learing that involves attachment to the 1st moving object that is seen
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eclectic theoretical orientation
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rather than following a single theoretical approach, it selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features
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ethological theory
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emphasizes on biology and evolution, sensitive periods of development, and careful observations
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Jean Piaget
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cognitive development with children taught us how children learn |
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Sigmund Freud
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Jewish Austrian neurologist who forced the psychoanalyic school of psychology
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Erik Erickson
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psychosocial thoery of development theory of indentity |
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Albert Bandurd
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studied observational learning or modeling theories extended to viewing of aggressive behavior example: violent media, bad tv shows |
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B.F. Skinner
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invented to operant condtioning chamber behaviorism |
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Ivan Pavlov |
classical conditioning theory
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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first women president of the APA
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Karen Horney
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research included psychoanalysis, personality theory, and feminist psychology
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Anna Freud
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pioneer in the psychoanalysis of children founded and directed a clinic for child theory |
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David Wechsler
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developed 2 well-known intelligence test: WAIS and WISC used for differential diagnosis to measure a broad range of psychological functioning |
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John Bowlby
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developed the attachment theory
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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An American psychologist whose work centered in the area of the development of moral reasoning in children and adolescents
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Harry F. Harlow
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examined attachment behaviors in rhesus monkeys conclusions about maternal bonding and deprivation important developments in area of child psychology |
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Melanie Klein
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founded play theory-children act out things that are bothering them
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Francis Summer
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published widely in experimental and non-experimental psychology
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Kenneth & Marnie Clark
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married team-conducted research into children's attitudes towards race |
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John Garcia
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research on taste aversion (behavorial)-survival mechanism to help us avoid food that might be poisonous
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Carlos Albizu Miranda
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One of the 1st Hispanics to earn Ph.D recognized the lack of psychologists in Puerto Rico & promoted sensitivity to the needs of Hispanics clients |
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Thomas A. Parham
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treating clinical for the NFL program for substance abuse
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Eleanor E. Macoby
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primary research on the development of social behavior, especially with regards to parental child-reaning methods research also included sex differences, post-seperation lives of divorcing families |
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Lev Vygotsky
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expanded cognitive development reflecting the roles of historical, cultural, and social factors
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Maragret Floy Washburn
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1st women ever to recieve a doctorate in psychology
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Mary D. Ainsworth
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famous for her early work on emotional attachment in children developed the strange situation-a procedure for evaluating an infants attachment style |
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alternative hypothesis (Ha)
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what our educated idea is about
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null hypothesis (Ho)
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no difference between responding variable and manipulated variable group 1= group 2 Goal is to reject null hypothesis |
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randimization
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both groups will be equal to eachother
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matching
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measure and make sure both groups are equal
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correlational research
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measures the relationship or association between 2 variables -1 and +1 represent negative and positive relationships |
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How is correlational measured?
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+/- .70=strong +/- .36 to +/- .69 = moderate +/- .35 or lower=weak |
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longitudinal research
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studies same group over long period of time
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probability
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measured between 0 and 1 0=wont happen 1=100% sure it will happen |
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p-value
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smaller the number, the less error there is
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liability/threshold model
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enviromental stressors may accumulate overtime=total liability cross the threshold=develop the disorder |
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epigenetic view
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the interaction of heredity and environment heredity directs the kind of environmental experiences a person has example: the development of hearing and eyesight |
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Ages things start developing
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0-3=eyesight/hearing 0-7=speaking with perfect accent 0-10=language |
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behavior genetics
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studies genetic impact on traits and development twin studies & adoption studies |
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concordance rate
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if one twin has a disorder, what are the chances the other twin will have that disorder?
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temperament
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a set of tendencies to respond in predictable ways
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schizophrenia
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disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, social behavior 1% of general population |
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multi-factorial inheritance
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different genes in different combinations |
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Two views of multi-factorial inheritance
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1) stress model: heredity-----environment 2) epigentic view : heredity------enviorment enviorment------heredity |
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Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
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ultrasound fetal MRI chronic villus amnocentesis |
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teratogens
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enviroemnt agents that negiatively affect pregnancy example: alochol, drugs, virus |
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mothers age
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over age 30=increased risk, lower birth weight, premature birth, higher chance of Down Syndrome adolescence= 20% premature deliveries and increase in issues |
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natural selection
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Charles Darwin people who best adapt to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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evolutionary psychology
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the importance of adaption, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
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genes
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the units of heredity info that help to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins
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proteins
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the building blocks of cells that direct the body's processes
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genome-wide association
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method is used to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disorder example: obesity, cancer, etc |
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meisosis
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forms eggs and sperm
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phenotype
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consists of observationable characteristics, including physical and psychological
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germinal period
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2 weeks after conception includes that creation of the fertilized egg (zygote), cell division, and attachment of zygote to uterine wall |
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organogenesis
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process of organ formation during the first 2 months the umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta. the placenta contains a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine, but do not join together |
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neurons
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handel info processing at the cellular level in the brain
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chronic villus sampling
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(10-12 weeks of pregnancy) used to screen for genetic defects
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amniocentesis
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(15-18 weeks of pregnancy) a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosome disorders
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growth and development
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physical growth=rapid growth 5 months=doubled birth weight 1 year=tripled birth weight |
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cephalocaudel pattern
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from top (head) and gradual to bottom
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proximodistal pattern
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center of body outward to extremities
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principle of hierarchical integration
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simple skills develop seperately and independently they are larger integrated into more complex skills |
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principle of independence of systems
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the body systems grow at different rates ex: nervous system grows at different times than respitory system |
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sacropenia
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muscle mass and strength loss
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climacteric
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fertility declines
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longevity
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upper boundary of life approx 120 years of age |
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life expectancy
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number of years that an average person born in a particular year will probably live women outlive men |
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Louis Terman 1921
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adapted IQ test longitudinal study |
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Friedman and others 1995
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what are the effects of personality, stressful life events, and health related behaviors on longevity Stress: 1)parental divorce 2) marital instability in adulthood |
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resiliency
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the ability to cope successfully with stress
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Segerberg 1982
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interviewed 1200 & founded that they were: organized hard work independent balanced diet support form family/friends |
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Duke longitudinal study
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longitudinal study over a 25 year period primary vs secondary aging physical, marital, social, lab tasks |
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the nun study
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a participant in the nun study for the past 23 years, enjoys her 101st birthday
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idea density
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average number of ideas expressed through autobiography positive emotions in early adulthood=longevity |
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race and aging
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black americans have greater physical health black women are 2 times more likely to die to heart disease blacks have lower life expectancy than whites (70 vs 77 years) white women outlive black women |
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what about health care? study by Musa, Schultz, Harris, Silverman, Thomas |
blacks are less likely than are white to receive many needed services, including routine preventative care
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cellular clock theory Leonard Hayflick |
a microbiological theory of aging cells can divide a maximum number of times dividing ability decreases with age |
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free radical theory
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a microbiological theory of aging cells metabolize energy cells generate waste that includes unstable oxygen molecules=free radicals free radicals=damage cell structure |
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mitochondrial theory
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loss of micronutrients supplied by the cell free radicals
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hormonal stress theory
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againg at the hormonal level=lower resistance and increased disease
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mitochondria
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tiny, cellular bodie that supply energy for functioning, growth, and repair
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reactive attachment disorder: Freud
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explained the development of attachment between mom and baby as a result of the satisfaction of the infants oral and emotional needs through breast feeding
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reactive attachment disorder: Bowlby
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believed the quality of attachment as it develops during the 1st months of life
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reactive attachment disorder: Harlow
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worked on the effects of maternal separation and deprivation on the social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys
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4 major lobes of the brain
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frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal
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frontal lobe
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involved in voluntary movement ,thinking, personality, emotion, memory, substained attention, and purpose
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occipital lobe
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vision
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temporal lobe
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hearing, language, process, and memory
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parietal lobe
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focusing and maintaining motor control
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amygdala
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emotions
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hippocampus
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memory and emotions
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myelination
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helps impulses travel faster along the axon, increasing the speed and efficiency of info
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lateralization
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specialization of function in one hemisphere or the other of the cerebal cortex
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MEG
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infant brain activity mapping
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synaptic pruning
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unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disppears
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prefontal cortex
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the highest level of frontal lobes that is involved with reasoning, decison making, and self control not fully developed until young adult |
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limbic system
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seat of emotions and where rewards are experienced
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developmental neuroscience
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development, the brain, and socioemotional process
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