Public Speaking Final

Front 1

other kinds of communication

Back 1

Intrapersonal- with ourselves
Interpersonal- with others
Group-among members of team or collective
Mass-generated by media

Front 2

Ethical Public Speaking

Back 2

speaker who considers the moral impacts of her or his ideas, arguments and the way they are presented-creates a community
-is audience centered
-encourages ethical dialogue

Front 3

Civility

Back 3

care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of language, and the flexibility to see multiple perspectives

Front 4

Being audience centered
-Do's

Back 4

-Be knowledgable
-Pay attention
-Consider master status-their identity
-Consider standpoints- what they identify with

Front 5

Being audience centered
-Don'ts

Back 5

-Ethnocentrism—belief that our own cultural perspectives, norms and ways of organizing
society are superior to others
-Stereotypes—broad generalizations about an
entire group based on limited exposure or knowledge of that group

Front 6

Connecting to audience

Back 6

-Open ended questions
-Closed ended questions
-Empathy

Front 7

Model of Public Speaking (7)

Back 7

-Speaker
-Audience
-Message
-Channel
-Noise
-Feedback
-Context

Front 8

Speaker
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 8

stimulates public dialogue by delivering an oral message

Front 9

Audience
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 9

The complex and varied group the speaker addresses

Front 10

Message
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 10

Information encoded from the speaker to be decoded by the audience

Front 11

Channel
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 11

Means by which the message is conveyed

Front 12

Noise
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 12

Anything that interferes with the understanding of the message being conveyed

Front 13

Feedback
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 13

Verbal and nonverbal signs the audience gives the speaker

Front 14

Context
(Model of Public Speaking)

Back 14

Environment or situation in which a speech occurs

Front 15

Communication apprehension

Back 15

Fears we face
-trait anxiety
-state anxiety

Front 16

Building confidence

Back 16

-Do research
-Practice speech
-Have realistic expectations
-Practice visualization and affirmations

Front 17

Why we fail to listen

Back 17

Fault of
-Listener
-Speaker
-Inability to get past differences

Front 18

Three kinds of listening

Back 18

Carefully- Listen for main ideas
Critically- Listens for implications
Ethically- Listens for morals

Front 19

Choosing your speech topic

Back 19

1.Brainstorming
2.Narrowing
-Time
-Audience
-Answer prompt

Front 20

Articulating your purpose

Back 20

1.General purpose
-To inform, invite, persuade, introduce, commemorate or accept
2. Specific purpose
-focuses on the subject behind the general purpose

Front 21

Thesis

Back 21

a statement that summarizes in one, declarative sentence the main ideas, assumptions or arguments you want to express in your speech

Front 22

Speaking Environment

Back 22

1. Size and Physical Arrangement
2.Technology
3.Temporal factors

Front 23

Types of information you need

Back 23

1. Personal knowledge and experience
2. Search for materials on the internet
3. Research at library
4. Conduct research interviews

Front 24

Evaluating internet information

Back 24

-reliable
-authoritative
-complete
-relevant
-consistent and unbiased

Front 25

Types of plagerism (3)

Back 25

1. Patchwork-presenting a whole speech as own from stolen patches of sources
2. Global-stealing an entire speech from a single source and presenting it as own
3. Incremental-presenting select portions from a single speech as own

Front 26

Citing sources

Back 26

-Ethical
-Adds credibility
1. Give credit to others
2. Give specific info. about source
3. Deliver all info. accurately

Front 27

Five most common forms of supporting material

Back 27

1. Examples
2. Narratives
3. Statistics
4. Testimony
5. Definition

Front 28

Examples

Back 28

Specific instance
-Real
-Hypothetical
-reinforce points
-bring concepts to life
-build your case

Front 29

Narrative

Back 29

Story that recounts real or hypothetical events
-personalize a point
-challenge an audience to think new ways
-draw audience in emotionally
-unite with audience

Front 30

Statistics

Back 30

Numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings.
-mean
-median
-mode
-synthesize large amts. of info.
-numbers tell a powerful story
-numerical evidence strengthens claim

Front 31

Testimony

Back 31

Opinions or observations of others
-direct quote
-paraphrase
-expert testimony
-need voice of expert
-illustrate differences or agreements
-experience says it best
-paraphrase testimony

Front 32

Forms of proof

Back 32

Ethos-credibility
pathos-emotional
logos-logic
mythos-myths

Front 33

Five patterns of reasoning

Back 33

1. Induction-reasoning from specific exps.
2. Deduction-reasoning from general principle
3. Causal-this caused that
4. Analogical-comparing like to like, same category
5. Reasoning by Sign-Indication suggests something else is also present.

Front 34

A map of reasoning (Toulmin model)

Back 34

Grounds qualifier claim
Warrant Rebuttal
Backing

Front 35

Five basic patterns for organization

Back 35

1. Chronological
2. Spacial
3. Causal
4. Problem-Solution
5. Topical

Front 36

Connectives

Back 36

1. Internal Preview
2. Transitions
3. Signpost
4. Internal summary

Front 37

Introduction

Back 37

-Catch audience's attention
-Reveal topic
-Establish credibility
-Preview speech

Front 38

Preparing compelling introduction

Back 38

-Ask a question
-Tell a story
-Recite a quote or poem
-Give demonstration
-Intriguing or startling argument
-state importance
-Share expertise
-State what's to come

Front 39

Conclusion

Back 39

-End speech
-Reinforce thesis

Front 40

preparing compelling conclusion

Back 40

-Summarize main points
-Answer introductory question
-refer back to indtroduction
-Recite quote

Front 41

Semantic Triangle

Back 41

Thought (association)
Symbol (Word) Referent (object)

Front 42

Language and public speaking

Back 42

Spoken is
-more interactive
-more casual
-more repetitive

Front 43

Rhythm

Back 43

-Repetition
-Alliteration
-Parallelism
-AntithesisIn an Introduction

Front 44

Imagery

Back 44

-simile
-metaphor
-personification

Front 45

Methods of delivery

Back 45

1. Extemporaneous: carefully prepared and practiced from brief notes
2. Impromptu: You have not planned or prepared for in advance
3. Manuscript: reading to an audience from a text
-commemorative

Front 46

Verbal delivery

Back 46

-Volume
-Rate
-Pitch and inflection
-Pauses
-Articulation
-Pronunciation
-Dialect

Front 47

Nonverbal delivery

Back 47

-Personal appearance
-Eye contact
-Facial expression
-posture
-Gestures
-Proxemics-use of space

Front 48

Informative Speech

Back 48

illustrate how something works or the importance or relevance of a topic

Front 49

Informative speech types (5)

Back 49

1. Processes
2. Events
3. Places and People
4. Objects
5. Concepts

Front 50

Ethical informative speaking

Back 50

-research thoroughly
-no bias
-honesty

Front 51

Types of invitational speaking

Back 51

1. Explore issue
2. Articulate position

Front 52

Invitational Speaking Environemnt

Back 52

remembering certain values of the audience and utilizing invitational language.

Front 53

Conditions of Invitational Speaking

Back 53

-Equality
-Value
-Self-determination

Front 54

Invitational Language

Back 54

Ambiguous
-Not all audiences understand languages
the same way
Written
-Formal
-Testing
Oral
-Causal
-Interactive

Front 55

Utilizing Invitational Speaking

Back 55

-Invitational language
-Recognize there can be MORE than two
sides to an issue!
-Stay true to invitational speaking

Front 56

Comparative advantages organization

Back 56

illustrates the advantage of one solution over others
-intro
-Current Approach
-Problems with it
-Alternative (ahem, better) Approach
-Conclusion

Front 57

Two-sided messages

Back 57

Persuasive strategy that shows both sides of the issue,
refuting one side to show the other is better

Front 58

Fear Appeal

Back 58

threat of something undesirable occurring if change does not occur

Front 59

Counterarguments

Back 59

Arguments against the speaker’s own position

Front 60

Call to action

Back 60

Explicitly request that the audience engage in some clearly stated behavior

Front 61

Gain immediate action

Back 61

encourage an audience to engage in a specific behavior or take a specific action

Front 62

Gain passive action

Back 62

ask an audience to adopt a new position without asking them to act in support of it

Front 63

Persuasive Speech

Back 63

Logos
Inferences-the mental leaps we make when we recognize that a speaker's evidence supports his or her claim

Front 64

Persuasive Types

Back 64

proposes a plan to solve a current public problem
1. Fact
2. Value
3. Policy

Front 65

Need-plan-practicality

Back 65

N. Must be current
Pl. Can't be your own policy
Pr. Why will it work?

Front 66

Types of credibility

Back 66

Competence-audience's view of speaker's knowledge
Character-audience's view of speaker's sincerity
1. Initial-credibility before
2. Derived-during
3. Terminal-end

Front 67

Mythos and persuasion

Back 67

-part of story can tell whole
-mythos has logic
-different cultures different myths

Front 68

Logical fallacy

Back 68

an argument that seems valid when they're flawed because of unsound reasoning or evidence

Front 69

Logical fallacy types (7)

Back 69

1. Mythos-the dynamic of appeal through cultural cues, references, values and beliefs
2. Bandwagon-Everyone's doing it at justification
3. Either or fallacy- giving two options and no in between
4. Hasty generalization- an argument based on too few examples or cases
5. Ad hominem-against the person instead of the argument
6. Red Herring- Irrelevant issue
7. Slippery slope- one step will lead to an illogical end

Front 70

Types of special occasion speaking

Back 70

-Introduce
-Commemorate
-Acceptance
-Entertainment

Front 71

Commemorative Speech

Back 71

-Pay tribute to someone
-Award someone and describe why the person deserves it