Public Speaking Final

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anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

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stage fright

Front 2

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

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adrenaline

Front 3

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

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positive nervousness

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mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself/herself giving a successful presentation

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visualization

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focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

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critical thinking

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the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

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speaker

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whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

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message

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the means by which a message is communicated

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channel

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the person who recieves the speaker's message

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listener

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the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes.

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frame of reference

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the messages, ususally nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

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feedback

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the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

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ethnocentrism

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the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

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ethics

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sound ethical decisions involce weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

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ethical decisions

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the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

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name-calling

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the first 10 commandments to the united states constitution

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bill of rights

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presenting anothers person's language or ideas as one's own

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plagiarism

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stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

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global plagiarism

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stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

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patchwork plagiarism

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failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

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incremental plagiarism

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to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

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paraphrase

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the vibration or sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electochemical impulses in the brain

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hearing

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paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

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listening

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listening for pleasure or enjoyment

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appreciative listening

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listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

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empathatic listening

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listening to understand the message of a speaker

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comprehensive listening

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listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

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critical listening

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the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)

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spare "brain time"

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giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

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active listening

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an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

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key-word outline

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communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

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nonverbal communication

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a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

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manuscript speech

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a speech delivered with little or no immediete preparation

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impromptu speech

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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

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extemporaneous speech

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presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

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conversational quality

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the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

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volume

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the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

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pitch

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changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

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inflections

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a constant pitch or tone of voice

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monotone

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the speed at which a person speaks

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rate

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a constant pitch or tone of voice

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monotone

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the speed at which a person speaks

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rate

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a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

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pause

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a pause that ocurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" "er" and "um'

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vocalized pauses

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changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expresivness

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vocal variety

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the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

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pronunciation

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the physical production of particular speech sounds

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articulation

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a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

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dialect

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the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

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kinesics

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motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

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gestures

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direct visual contact with the eyes or another person

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eye contact

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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

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denotative meaning

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the meaning suggested by the assocsiation or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

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connotative meaning

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a book of synonyms

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thesaurous

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words that refer to tangible objects

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concrete words

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words taht refer to ideas or concepts

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abstract words

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disourse that takes many words than are necessary to express an idea

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clutter

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the ue of vivid language to create mental images of objects actions or ideas

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imagery

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an explicit comparison indtoduced with the word "like " or "as" between things that are essentially differnet yet have something in common

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simile

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a trite or overused expression

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cliche

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an implicit comparison not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have soemthing in common

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metaphor

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the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

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rythym

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the similiar arragement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

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parallelism

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reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of sucessive clasuse or sentences

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repetition

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repetition or the initial consonant sound of close or a adjoining words

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alliteration

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the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

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antithesis

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language that does not stereotype, demean or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

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inclusive language

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the use of "he" to refer to both women and men

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generic "he"

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putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a partuclar audience

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strategic organization

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the major points developed in the body of a speech.

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main points- most contain 2 to 5 main points

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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

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chronological order

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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

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spatial order

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a method of speech organization in whichthe main points show a cause-effect relationship

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causal order

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a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a prooblem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

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problem-solution order

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a method of speech organization in which the main ponts divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

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topical order

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the materials used to support a speaker's ideas.

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supporting materials 3 main kinds are statistics testimony and examples

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a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

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connective

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a word or phrase that incdicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is movin on to another

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transition

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a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

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internal preview

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a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points

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internal summary

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a very brief statemnet that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

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signpost

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the subject of a speech

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topic

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a method of generating ideas for speech topic by free asscosiation of words and ideas

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brainstorming

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the broad goal of a speech

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general purpose

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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

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specific purpose

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anything that happpens or is regarded as happening

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event

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a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

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central idea

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what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forotten everything else in the speech

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residual message

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a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

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informative speech

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anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

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object

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anything that happens or is regarded as happening

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event

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a belief , theory, idea, notion principle , or the like

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concept

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a statement that depicts a person, event, idea or the like with clarity an vividness

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description

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a statement of the similarities, among two or more people, events, ideas etc

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comparison

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a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas etc

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contrast

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to present ones ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

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personalize

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the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

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persuasion

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the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

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mental dialogue with audience

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the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

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target audience

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a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

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question of fact

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a question about the worth rightness morality and so forth of an idea or action

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question of value

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a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

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quesition of policy

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a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable withough encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

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speech to gain passive agreement

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a persuasive speech in which the speakers in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

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speech to gain immediate action

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the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy:

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need

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the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

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burnden of proof

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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

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problem-solution order

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a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, teh second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

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problem-cause solution order

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a listing of all the books, periodicals and other resources owned by a library

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catalogue

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a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate whre they can be found on the shelves

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call number

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a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines

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periodical database

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a summary of a magaizine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

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abstract

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a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

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reference work

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a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge

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general encyclopedia

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a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion art law science music etc

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special encyclopedia

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a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year

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yearbook

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a reference work that provides information about people

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biographical aid

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a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

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virtual library

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an organization that in the absense of a clearly identified author is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

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sponsoring organization

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an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

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research interview

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a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

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preliminary bibiography

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a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people ideas conditions experiences or the like

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example

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a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

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brief example

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a story narrative or ancedote developed at some length to illustrate a point

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extended example

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an example that describes an imaginary or ficticious situation

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hypothetical example

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numerical data

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statistics

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quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

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testimony

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testimony from people who are recognized experts in thier fields

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expert testimony

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testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

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peer testimony

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testimony that is presnted word for word

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direct quotation

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quoting a statement in shuch a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

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quoting out of context

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a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

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speaking outline

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directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he want to deliver key party of the speech

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delivery cues

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an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail

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model

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a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

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graph

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a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statisics over time or space

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line graph

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a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

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pie graph

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a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

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chart

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a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

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bar graph

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a visual aid drawn, written or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector

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transparency

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a speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk

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multimedia presentation

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the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

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ethos

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the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

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credibility- the two major factors influencing a speakers credibility are competence and character

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the credibilty of a speaker before she of he starts to speak

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initial credibility

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the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

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derived credibilty

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the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

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terminal credibility

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a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values attitudes or experiences of the audience

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creating common ground

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supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

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evidence

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the name used by aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker

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logos
the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

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the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis or evidence

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reasoning

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reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

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reasoning from specific instances

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an error in reasoning from specific instances in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

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hasty generalization

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reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

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reasoning from principle

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reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between casues and effects

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causal reasoning

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an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another the first event is the casue or the second

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false casue or post hoc ergo propter hoc

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reasoning in which a speaker compares two similiar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

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analogical reasoning

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an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

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invalid analogy

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a error in reasoning

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fallacy

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a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

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red herring

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a fallacy that attacks the person rather then dealing with the real issue in dispute

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ad hominem

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a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternative when more than two alternatives exist

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either-or

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a fallacy that assumes that becasue something is popular it is therefore good correct or desirable

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bandwagon

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a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

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slippery slope

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the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

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pathos