Public Speaking

Front 1

Introduction has the four objectives

Back 1

* Get the attention and interest of your audience
* Reveal the topic of your speech
* Establish your credibility and goodwill
* Preview the body of the speech

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Rhetorical question

Back 2

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

Front 3

Credibility

Back 3

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Front 4

Goodwill

Back 4

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interest of the audience in mind.

Front 5

Preview statement

Back 5

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Front 6

Crescendo ending

Back 6

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

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Dissolve ending

Back 7

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Front 8

Preparation outline

Back 8

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

Front 9

Visual framework

Back 9

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.

Front 10

Bibliography

Back 10

A list of all sources used in preparing a speech.

Front 11

Speaking outline

Back 11

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Front 12

Delivery cues

Back 12

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

Front 13

Denotative meaning

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The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or a phrase.

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Connotative meaning

Back 14

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or a phrase.

Front 15

Thesaurus

Back 15

A book of synonyms.

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Concrete words

Back 16

Words that refer to tangible objects.

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Abstract words

Back 17

Words that refer to ideas or concepts.

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Clutter

Back 18

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

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Imagery

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The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

Front 20

Simile

Back 20

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Front 21

Cliché

Back 21

A trite or overused expression.

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Metaphor

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An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

Front 23

Rhythm

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The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangements of words.

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Parallelism

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The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

Front 25

Repetition

Back 25

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

Front 26

Alliteration

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Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

Front 27

Antithesis

Back 27

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

Front 28

Inclusive language

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Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, age, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

Front 29

Generic "he"

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The use of "he" to refer to both women and men.

Front 30

Nonverbal communication

Back 30

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

Front 31

Manuscript speech

Back 31

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

Front 32

Impromptu speech

Back 32

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

Front 33

Extemporaneous speech

Back 33

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Front 34

Conversational quality

Back 34

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

Front 35

Volume

Back 35

The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.

Front 36

Pitch

Back 36

The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.

Front 37

Inflections

Back 37

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.

Front 38

Monotone

Back 38

A constant pitch or tone of voice.

Front 39

Rate

Back 39

The speed at which a person speaks.

Front 40

Pause

Back 40

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

Front 41

Vocalized pause

Back 41

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er", and "um".

Front 42

Vocal variety

Back 42

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

Front 43

Pronunciation

Back 43

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

Front 44

Articulation

Back 44

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

Front 45

Dialect

Back 45

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Front 46

Kinesics

Back 46

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

Front 47

Gestures

Back 47

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.

Front 48

Eye contact

Back 48

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

Front 49

Graph

Back 49

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

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Line graph

Back 50

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

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Pie graph

Back 51

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

Front 52

Bar graph

Back 52

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among one or more items.

Front 53

Chart

Back 53

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

Front 54

Font

Back 54

A complete set of type of the same design.

Front 55

Informative speech

Back 55

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.

Front 56

Object

Back 56

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.

Front 57

Process

Back 57

A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.

Front 58

Event

Back 58

Anything that happens or is regarded as a happening.

Front 59

Concept

Back 59

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.

Front 60

Description

Back 60

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness.

Front 61

Comparison

Back 61

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Front 62

Contrast

Back 62

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

Front 63

Personalize

Back 63

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.

Front 64

Persuasion

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The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Front 65

Mental dialogue with the audience

Back 65

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Front 66

Target audience

Back 66

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Front 67

Question of fact

Back 67

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Front 68

Question of value

Back 68

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Front 69

Question of policy

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A question whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Front 70

Speech to gain passive agreement

Back 70

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Front 71

Speech to gain immediate action

Back 71

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Front 72

Need

Back 72

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

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Burden of proof

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The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

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Plan

Back 74

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

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Practicality

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The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

Front 76

Problem-solution order

Back 76

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 77

Problem-cause-solution order

Back 77

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Front 78

Comparative advantages order

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A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Front 79

Monroe's motivated sequence

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A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Front 80

Ethos

Back 80

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Front 81

Credibility

Back 81

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

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Initial credibility

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The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

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Derived credibility

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The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

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Terminal credibility

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The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Front 85

Creating common ground

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A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

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Evidence

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Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

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Logos

Back 87

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

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Reasoning

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The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

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Reasoning from specific instances

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Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

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Reasoning from principle

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Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Front 91

Causal reasoning

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Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

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Analogical reasoning

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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case.

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Fallacy

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An error in reasoning.

Front 94

Hasty generalizations

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A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

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False cause

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A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

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Invalid analogy

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An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

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Bandwagon

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A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

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Red herring

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A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Front 99

Ad hominem

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A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Front 100

Either-or

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A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Front 101

Slippery slope

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A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Front 102

Appeal to tradition

Back 102

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Front 103

Appeal to novelty

Back 103

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Front 104

Pathos

Back 104

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Front 105

Speech of introduction

Back 105

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.

Front 106

Speech of presentation

Back 106

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

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Acceptance speech

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A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

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Commemorative speech

Back 108

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.