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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7 components of public speaking model
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Speaker
Message Audience Channel Noise FeedBack Context |
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FeedBack
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Verbal and nonverbal signals the audience gives the speaker.
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Context
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Environment which a speech occurs.
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Why we fail to listen
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Listener Interference
-Thinking you're not interested before the speech even starts. -Assume you know what the speaker is going to say before he does. -Get too focused on the details you miss the bigger point. Speaker Interference -Cased by information -Information is overly complicated, challenging, or simple. -Caused by language: -Formal or Technical Language -Casual Language -slang colloquialism, Euphemism -Noninclusive language- words that seem to refer only to certain groups of people. -Verbal Clutter Caused by differences -speech style -Background and occupation -Apperance -Values |
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Ethical Listening
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listener considers the moral impact of a speakers message on one's self and one's community.
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What is civility? Why is it important in public speaking?
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Care and concern for others;
thoughtful use of words and language; flexibility to see many sides of an issue. In public speaking, it assures you will not intentionally offend your audience, allows you to really listen to anothers ideas, and ensures you will consider specific language choices in your speeches that promote civil discourse. |
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Trait Communication Apprehension
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Apprehension about communication in all situations(small talk, talking on the phone saying hi to someone on the street.)
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Four stages of speaking process
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Invention
arrangement style Memory and delivery |
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Strategies you can use to reduce public anxiety
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Know the Room
Know the Audience Know Your Material Learn how to relax Visualize yourself speaking Realize people want you to succeed Don't apologize for being nerves Concentrate on your message- and the medium Turn nervousness into positive energy Gain Experience |
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Gender Inclusive Language
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Acknowledges both genders as a valid part of the audience.
EX. we all, folks, people, humankind, men and women. |
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Rules of public speaking
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Adapt to your audience
Practice Fake it Till you make it |
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5-step overview of the speaking process
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Invention: choosing your topic and purpose and gathering your materials
Arrangement: Organizing your ideas Style: Considering language and figures speech Memory: Practicing your speech Delivery: Giving your speech |
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public dialogue
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“The civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public”
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components that make up the introduction in a speech
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Attention getter, establish credibility, introduce topic and relate to audience, thesis
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tips for creating a visual aid
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Font, pixels, contrast, large enough, source cited, more images than words, etc.
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tips for writing notecards that we discussed in class
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Numbered, only one side, 5-6 lines per card, keywords and phrases, full quotes, cues for delivery, etc.
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different types of informative speeches
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Process, events, or concepts
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most common transition word
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Most common: so
High quality: Therefore, moreover, finally, etc. |
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What are the four most common types of evidence?
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Narratives, examples, statistics, testimony, definition
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Name the 2 components that make up a thesis statement for an informative speech.
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Specific purpose + Thesis statement = Thesis statement
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guidelines for using a visual aid during your speech
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Speak to the audience not the visual, don’t pass things around, explain what is shown, take it down when not using it.
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choices of organizational patterns for an informative speech?
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Chronological, special, topical, causal
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delivery method we used for the informative speech.
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extemporaneous
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conditions mandatory for creating an invitational speaking environment.
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Equality: Everyone gets a chance to share.
Value: Listening and validating the personal justification for the view. Self-determination: recognizing that audience members: are experts in their own lives know what is best for them have the right to make choices about their lives |
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types of invitational speeches
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Explore an issue and Articulate a Position
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Explain “active listening.”
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Listening for understanding. Summarizing and paraphrasing (in question form) a generalization of what the person just said.
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Why is active listening important in invitational speaking?
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Validates that they are being listened to. Gives them a chance to clarify and justify what they have said. Gives speaker a chance to think about what to say next. Keeps emotions more neutral.
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Give an example of some phrasing that can be used when actively listening to another?
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? “So, what I hear you saying is. . .”
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nonverbal behaviors that would display “open” or “inviting” communication
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Open body posture, good eye contact, relaxed facial expressions, nodding, appropriate gestures.
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three main components necessary for every persuasive speech?
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Need, plan, practicality
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two patterns of organization we used to organize our policy speeches?
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Problem-Solution, Problem-Cause-Solution
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Pathos
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Emotional Persuasion
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Persuasive speaking
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is the act of either Changing or Reinforcing current beliefs
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Who came up with the 4 methods of persuasion over 2,000 years ago?
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Aristotle
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This type of fallacy attacks a person instead of the issue of debate
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Ad Hominum.
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This type of speaker credibility is present before the speaker even begins speaking.
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Initial credibility
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) This type of reasoning draws a conclusion from several instances of specific experience.
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Inductive Reasoning
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Name the three types of persuasive speeches mentioned in the text and in our notes:
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Fact, value, or policy.
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Mythos
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Cultural beliefs and values
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Logos
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The word Aristotle used to refer to logical arrangement of evidence in a speech.
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Ethos
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The word Aristotle used to refer to the speakers credibility
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Master status
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What are significant positions occupied by a person within society that affect that persons identity in almost all situations. (Ex.: race, ethnicity, sex, age, economic status.)
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Ethnocentrism
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What is a belief that our own cultural perspectives, norms, and ways of organizing society are superior to others
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Simile
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a comparison of two different things using either “like” or “as.” (ex: “Public Speaking class is like Heaven”)
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Alliteration
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the repetition of a certain sound in a sentence. Example: Public speaking is likely to make me Piss my Pants
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verbal and nonverbal components of delivery
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Verbal Components:
• Volume: loudness of a speaker’s voice • Rate: speed at which a speaker speaks • Pitch: Highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice on the musical scale • Inflection: manipulation of pitch to create certain meanings or moods • Pauses: hesitations and brief silences in speech of conversation • Articulation: physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible • Pronunciation: act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of a language • Dialect: pattern of speech that is shared among ethnic groups or people from specific geographical locations Nonverbal Components: • Personal Appearance: way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically • Eye Contact: visual contact with another person’s eyes • Facial Expression: know attitudes, emotional states and inner thoughts through face expressions • Posture: way speakers position and carry their bodies • Gestures: movements, usually of the hands but |
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Inductive Reasoning
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Process of reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to make a claim about a general conclusion.
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guidelines for the use of visual aids (not the creation)
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1. Prepare in advance- avoid last minute stress
2. Practice in advance- check timing, equipment, order; work out any glitches 3.Use visual aid only when you discuss the point- when not talking about the visual aid use a blank slide or put it away to avoid audience distraction 4.Explain what is shown- explain the visual aid in a timely matter 5.Speak to the audience- make eye contact even when explaining the visual aid |
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The following is an example of what? “Today I would like to inform you about the history of cats: their prominence in ancient Egypt, their uses during WWII, and their delectable nature in the far East.”
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Thesis Statement
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Credibility: 3 ways to enhance your credibility in your speech
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1) Explain competence as you begin your speech
2) Establish common ground with the audience 3) Deliver the speech fluently, with expression and conviction |
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During a Q&A session: What is the best way to respond to a question you don’t know the answer to?
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Admit, unashamedly, that you don’t have the answer.
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The three parts that make up a policy speech
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Need, plan, and practicality
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Ad Hominem Fallacy
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Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than the person’s arguments
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Red Herring Fallacy
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Argument that introduces irrelevant information into an argument to distract an audience from the real issue
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The 4 parts of an introduction
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catch the audiences attention, reveal the topic/relate it to the audience, establish credibility, and thesis and preview.
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Connotative Meaning
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the subjective meaning of a word or phrase based on personal experiences and beliefs.
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Denotative meaning.
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What is the objective definition you find in a dictionary, the meaning of a word on which most everyone can agree
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Two examples of Verbal Clutter
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What are: “Um,” “like,” “so,” “ah”
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