Public Health Final

Front 1

What are the goals of meat inspection? --- 4 methods by which meat and poultry inspection provide consumer protection

Back 1

1. Eliminating diseased meat
2. Aesthetic Factors
3. Clean equipment and environment
4. Labeling

Front 2

What was contained in the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?

Back 2

antemorten inspection required of all slaughtered animals
disposition of animals on antemortem inspection: passed, condemned, suspect
postmortem exam of viscera and carcass
condemned carcasses must be destroyed
all employees of meat inspection division had access to plant
secretary of agriculture could destroy all unfit products
no deception of sales
sanitary regulations of plant estab.
only applied to interstate trade and export

Front 3

What was the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967?

Back 3

same as 1906 plus:
all meat (pork, beef, lamb, poultry) must be inspected wheter inter or intrastate commerce
imported meat must undergo same standards of inspection
federal inspection equal to state- either state or fed. inspection req.
fed. govt would pay half if states decide to maintain their own inspection service
poultry fell under inspection -- must be federally inspected to enter interstate commerce
inspection of processing plants that did not slaughter animals but made meat products such as sausage or boxed beef

Front 4

What are the two exceptions to the Meat Inspection Act?

Back 4

custom plants that slaughter animals for the owner - subject to sanitation and equipment inspection
farmers can market up to 250 turkeys or 1000 chickens or combinations thereof to sell uninspected dressed birds directly to consumers (plant inspected but each bird is not)

Front 5

What is contained in the Humane Slaughter Act of 1978?

Back 5

animals had to be slaughtered humanely
animals had to be handled humanely
imported meat - animals had to be slaughtered humanely
poultry is NOT covered

Front 6

What are 5 methods of humane slaughter?

Back 6

captive bolt pistol
gunshot
carbon dioxide
electrical stunning
electrical slaughter
kosher slaughter (shechita)

Front 7

Antemortem Inspection

Back 7

inspection of the live animal prior to slaughter

Front 8

disposition

Back 8

refers to the ultimate handling of an animal/carcass or its parts after it has been inspected

Front 9

passed for slaughter

Back 9

animal is deemed fit for slaughter (appears normal)

Front 10

suspect animal

Back 10

an animal possibly affected by a condition or disease that requires condemnation of the carcass, either wholly or in part, when slaughtered

Front 11

condemned animal

Back 11

animal that may not go to slaughter, judged as unfit for food at the antemortem inspection

Front 12

subject to inspection

Back 12

the seller (the farmer) and the buyer (the slaughter plant) agree on payment for that portion of the animal that passes inspection, thus the animal is purchased "subject" to passing inspection

Front 13

What are the 3 D's?

Back 13

animals that are dead, dying, or drugged

Front 14

What are the objectives of antemortem inspection?

Back 14

remove animals having conditions undetectable on routine postmortem inspection
prevent unnecessary contamination of the slaughtering facility
obtain info on suspect animals for better PM disposition
withhold animals exhibiting abnormal conditions that make them unfit for human food
cooperation with animal disease control agencies

Front 15

What are the 3 classifications for Final Disposition?

Back 15

Release for slaughter - passed
US Suspect - slaughtered at the end of the day and carefully examined
US Condemned - must be destroyed and not enter food chain

Front 16

What are the procedures outlined for antemortem inspection?

Back 16

Inspection must be made of all animals presented for slaughter ON THE DAY OF slaughter
inspections are made in the animal's holding pens or specially designed pens
poultry are inspected on the truck
animals are examined both at rest and in motion
suspects and condemned animals are tagged
suspects are killed at the end of the day and separately from the healthy animals
condemned animals are destroyed
animals cannot go back home

Front 17

Disposition of Abnormal Animals - localized lesions

Back 17

if have a localized lesion that is not indicative of a generalized condition, it is passed or released for slaughter

Front 18

Disposition of Abnormal Animals - Suspects

Back 18

tagged and killed at the end of the day
these animals are subject to a PM inspection at which time they are passed, may have a portion of the carcass rejected, or condemned entirely

Front 19

Disposition of Abnormal Animals: Condemned

Back 19

never enters the abattoir
these animals are killed and tanked or rendered

Front 20

What do you do with an animal that has multiple Abscesses on antemortem inspection?

Back 20

if it indicates a generalized condition - animal in poor body condition - condemn them

Front 21

What do you do if you see an Epithelioma or Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Back 21

either suspect or condemned
if the neoplasia is extensive and secondary infection is present, spread to the LNs or the animal has become cachectic, then the animal is condemned
if the lesion appears to be confined to the eye, then the animal is classified as suspect

Front 22

What do you do if you see Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw) on an antemortem inspection?

Back 22

usually a localized condition--- SUSPECT
condemn them if cachectic

Front 23

What do you do if you see downer cows on an antemortem inspection?

Back 23

they are CONDEMNED and do not enter the human food chain as part of the new regulations to control BSE

Front 24

What is the difference between cachexia and emaciated???????

Back 24

cachexia is a chronic condition -- wasting- see decreased fat around the heart and the fat is grey and gelatinous
emaciation is more acute-->condemned for aesthetics

Front 25

What do you do with pneumonia seen on an antemortem inspection?

Back 25

dispositions vary -
if advanced and generalized - usu. condemn
if less severe (cough, runny nose but no fever) - usu. slaughter as suspect

Front 26

What do you do with CNS signs on an antemortem inspection?

Back 26

any animal with signs of active CNS infection is condemned
-if CNS signs appear chronic in nature (ex. head tilt w/out any other abnormality) then animal is slaughtered as suspect

Front 27

What do you do with an animal that has a retained placenta on antemortem inspection?

Back 27

animals that have recently given birth are fit for food
animals can be slaughtered after passage of the placenta

Front 28

What do you do with an animal that has a fever during antemortem inspection?

Back 28

CONDEMNED if abnormally high
cattle and sheep --- greater than 105F
swine - greater than 106F
-- you must take into account the ambient temp.

Front 29

What do you do with an animal that has a suboptimal temperature during antemortem inspection?

Back 29

there are no min. temp guidelines and animals w/ submornal temps are not condemned solely on their suboptimal temp.

Front 30

What do you do with tuberculosis reactors?

Back 30

They are classified as SUSPECTS on ANTEMORTEM inspection
-animals with fever are CONDEMNED and any animal dying is given a postmortem exam (necropsy)
POST-MORTEM:
----if free from lesions - PASSED for cooking
----if lesions present - CONDEMNED

Front 31

What do you do with Brucella reactors?

Back 31

they are simply identified by their ear tag number and treated like any other animal
EXCEPT - reactive goats are not slaughtered, they are CONDEMNED because of pathogenicity of B. melitensis

Front 32

What are the reportable diseases looked for during the slaughter inspection process?

Back 32

anthrax
hog cholera
vesicular disease
authorities make recommendation to the disposition of the animal

Front 33

What are the final postmortem disposition classifications?

Back 33

US Passed
US Condemned
US Retained
Passed with restriction = cooking, refrigeration

Front 34

What are the decision making rules for postmortem inspections?

Back 34

-removal and condemnation of diseased and abnormal tissue
-localized vs generalized (condemned)
-chronic vs acute (condemned)
-body function abnormalities
-conditions that are injurious to public health
-offensive and repugnant conditions (not aesthetic)

Front 35

Condemned products

Back 35

unwholesome products because of disease or severe contamination

Front 36

Inedible products

Back 36

unwholesome products b/c they are usually not eaten and are not expected in food

Front 37

Denaturant

Back 37

any substance that will change the appearance, taste, or smell of a product and thus destroy the product for food purposes

Front 38

Decharacterize

Back 38

changing the physical appearance of a product in order to discourage its use as human food
-used for products that are condemned for human consumption but could be used as an ingredient for animal food
-approved green and red dyes, charcoal

Front 39

Restricted Products

Back 39

products that may not be sold without further processing such as cooking or freezing

Front 40

How are condemned products handled/controlled?

Back 40

once a product is condemned or deemed inedible at postmortem inspection, proper controls must be put in place to ensure these prod. are not mixed with edible product
- usually condemned or inedible prod. are placed in a container marked as such and the product is changed in some way to insure it won't be used for food

Front 41

What are the 4 methods used to destroy inedible and condemned product?

Back 41

-hashing
-rendering
-incineration
-denaturing

Front 42

What is hashing?

Back 42

-method used to destroy inedible and condemned product
-hashing and grinding process so that the processed material does not have the appearance of an edible product

Front 43

Why do we not use incineration as commonly to get rid of inedible/condemned products?

Back 43

costs
air pollution

Front 44

What is denaturing?

Back 44

method used to destroy inedible and condemned product
-application of a denaturing agent in the product
-cresylic disinfectant is one of the most commonly used

Front 45

What are the characteristic lesions seen with septicemia, pyemia, or toxemia?

Back 45

generalized diseases
-congestion
-hyperemia
-petechial hemorrhages
-tissue edema
carcass is CONDEMNED
-lymphadenopathy

Front 46

TB in cattle is particularly a disease of the ____________ system.

Back 46

Respiratory system

Front 47

Infection with mycobacteria in swine is usually of the _________ type and associated with the _________ system.

Back 47

avian type
GI system

Front 48

What do you do if pericarditis is found on the postmortem inspection?

Back 48

disposition is dependent on involvement
- if localized tissue may be trimmed and carcass passed
-if systemic effects observed (edema, organ congestion, congestive heart failure, cachexia) then the carcass is condemned

Front 49

What tapeworm causes bovine taeniasis?

Back 49

Taenia saginata

Front 50

What do you do when you find Taenia saginata?

Back 50

attention given to heart and masseter muscles
carcasses not extensively involved may be treated by excising the apparent cysts and holding continuously at -15F for 15 days
the cysts are also killed by cooking at 140F

Front 51

What organism causes swine taeniasis?

Back 51

Taenia solium

Front 52

What are sawdust livers?

Back 52

they are found in cattle - they have small areas of necrosis
-usually seen in cattle fed high grain diets

Front 53

What is Eosinophilic Myositis?

Back 53

usu. seen in young well fattened cattle
unknown etiology
lesions are yellowish green, spindle shaped foci in the muscle fiber and may grossly be mistaken for sarcosporidiosis
-disposition is similar to bovine cystercercosis

Front 54

Emaciation

Back 54

results from either inadequate caloric intake or increased caloric demand as a result of stresses such as cold weather
CONDEMNED

Front 55

Cachexia

Back 55

associated with chronic debilitating diseases and is diagnosed more often on antemortem inspection