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127 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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The Black Plague (1348)
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Pandemic that killed 2/3 Europeans .
Had 3 forms: 2 lead to death within hours 1377 quarantine set up and people were isolated for 40 days. |
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Ambroise Pare
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Father of Surgery
Wrote about manipulating French workers. |
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Girolamo Fracastoro
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Proposes diseases are spread by spores, transmitting infection directly/indirectly.
Led to Germ Theory |
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Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
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Letters to French Royal Society about "animalcules" human saliva.
First to see RBC and Sperm |
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Giovanni Battista Morgagni
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Father of Pathology
Correlates symptoms of live patients to changing organs in autopsy. |
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Franz Mesmer
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Used hypnosis to cure disease
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Percival Potts
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British physician, found out scrotal cancer was occuring due to soot
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Edward Jenner
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Smallpox vaccination
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Average Age of Death
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Wealthy: 36 years old
Tradesman: 22 years old Laborers: 16 years old |
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Tuberculosis
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Most widespread lethal disease of the 19th century.
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Edwin Chadwick
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Wrote about sanitary conditions in England.
1/2 of working children died before age 5. Development of General Board of Health in England. |
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Crawford Williamson Long
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First to perform surgery under anesthesia induced by ether.
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J. Evans Riadore
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Nervous system is important because deficiency in organs leads to damage.
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D.D. Palmer
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Founder of Chiropractic
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Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis
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"Savior of Mothers"
Peurpal Fever occuring because doctors weren't washing their hands before delivering children. |
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Louis Pasteur
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Father of Bacteriology
Pasteurization: slow down souring by using heat. |
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Joseph Lister
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Carbolic Acid to sterilize surgical instruments.
Antisepsis: destruction of bacteria in an infected wound. Asepsis: exclusion of bacteria from surgery. |
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Rudolph Virchow
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Father of Modern Pathology
Theory: every cell originates from another cell. Embolism: obstruction of artery by clot of air bubble. |
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B.J. Palmer
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Important to Chiropractic
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Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
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Produced and detected X Rays
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Walter Reed
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Proves that Yellow Fever is caused by a virus from mosquitos.
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Sir Alexander Fleming
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Discovery of Penicillin
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Jonas Edward Salk
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Uses inactivated Polio to make vaccine.
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Albert Sabin
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Develops Polio vaccine based on active weakened form of the virus.
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Lyme Disease
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Most common tick borne disease.
Fastest growing infectious disease. |
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Attack Rate
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Cumulative incidence rate used for particular groups observed for limited periods under special circumstances like an epidemic.
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Bacteriostatic
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Inhibiting growth of bacteria.
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Bactericidal
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An agent that destroys bacteria.
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Cluster
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Group of the same elements gathered together; a bunch.
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Etiology
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Study of causes or origins.
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Endemic
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Prevalent to a particular locality, region, or people.
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Epidemic
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Spreading rapidly by infection and affecting many individuals in one area at the same time, as of disease or illness.
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Exposure
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Condition of being subjected to something as a disease or weather extremes, radiation which may be harmful.
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Fomite
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An inanimate object, such as clothing, furniture, soap that's capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one person to another.
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Immunity
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condition of being immune; protection against infectious disease by an immune response generated by immunization or previous infections.
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Natural Active Immunity
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Body produces its own antibodies naturally. Lone lasting.
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Passive Immunity
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Body doesn't produce its own antibodies. Short lasting.
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Natural Passive Immunity
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Passage of antibodies from mother to baby in the first 6 months. Rich source of antibodies.
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Artificial Active Immunity
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Antigen that causes formation of antibodies called innoculation (Polio).
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Artificial Passive Immunity
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Antibodies of another person/animal that are injected in human (Tetanus).
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Incidence Rate
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Total number of new cases of a diseased measured within a year.
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Incubation Period
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Time between contact and demonstration of clinical evidence that a disease is present.
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Morbidity
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Death rate.
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Odds
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Probability that an event will/won't occur.
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Pathognomics
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Specific characteristics of a disease.
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Pandemic
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Worldwide distribution of a disease.
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Prevalence Rate
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Total number of cases of disease both old or new.
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Risk
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Probability that an event will occur during a specific time frame.
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Surveillance
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Ongoing observation of a population used to detect any rapid changes of occurance of a specific disease.
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Survival
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Probability of remaining alive for a specific amount of time after being diagnosed with a disease.
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Surveillance
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Ongoing observation of a population used to detect any rapid changes of occurance of a specific disease.
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Survival
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Probability of remaining alive for a specific amount of time after being diagnosed with a disease.
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Susceptibility
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No specific resistance to a disease.
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Validity
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The extent to which a study correctly represents the characteristics of interest.
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Virulence
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Degree of pathogenicity.
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Vital Statistics
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Statistical application pertaining to the vital facts of human existence.
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Birth Rate
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Per 1000 of population.
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Death Rate
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Per 1000 of population.
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Specific Mortality
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Number of deaths of a specific cause per 100,000 of population
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Infant Mortality
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Most important factor showing the health of the community.
Correlates to availability of housing, pure water, literacy, ability to achieve economic development. |
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Health
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State of complete physical, mental, social well being.
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Primary Prevention
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Prevention of disease or injury.
Health education encourages individuals to develop good health habits. Environmental modification tries to help decrease injuries from falls, fires, vehicle accidents, and to develop adequate sewage and clean drinking water. |
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Secondary Prevention
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Early detection and proper treatment of a disease.
Screening programs are used to detect disease processes at an early stage. |
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Tertiary Prevention
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Limits itself with the diability of rehabilitation.
Public health can be defined as those activities of a government agency or community group that is not normally done by the private sector to improve health status of the community or to individuals in the community |
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Assessment
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Systematic collection and analysis of available data that describes the health status of the community.
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Policy Development
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Based on scientific and technical knowledge along with public values and opinions.
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Assurance
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Make sure goals are being met.
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Department of Health and Human Services
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Controls FDA, CDC, and USPHS
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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Safety of regulating health products.
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Centers for Disease and Control (CDC)
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Compiles statistics on mortality and morbidity, keeps track of epidemics.
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US Dept of Agriculture (USDA)
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Responsible for milk and milk products.
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National Institute of Health (NIH)
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Responsible for finance and research of health.
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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Responsible for water purity and hazardous waste.
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Epidemiology
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Study of distribution and detriments of diseases or conditions in a defined population.
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Goals of Epidemiologist
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Identity factors that cause disease or disease transmission.
Prevent the spread of communicable and non communicable diseases and conditions. |
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Epidemiologist
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Studies the variable of diseases within the population.
Trained to identify and prevent diseases in a given population. |
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Descriptive Studies
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Performed in order to explain acute outbreaks of a disease in relation to the variables of person, place, and time.
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Analytic Studies
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Generate hypotheses as to the casual relationships of the factors associated with the disease.
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Experimental Studies
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Evaluate the developed theory as to the association between factor and the disease.
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Infectious Disease Processes
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Viruses encapsulated with DNA and RNA.
Virus must attach itself to a cell and inject material inside. Viruses are difficult to treat and cause destruction. Reservoir is a host where biologic agent can propagate. |
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Symptomatic
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Individuals seeking medical attention.
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Asymptomatic
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Carriers of a disease. Individuals don't know they're infected.
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Subclinical Case
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Individual never develops clinical symptoms of the disease.
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Incubatory Carrier
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Patient transmits the disease before becoming symptomatic.
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Convalescent Carrier
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Patients are recovering from the disease, but are still able to infect others.
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Chronic Carriers
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Paient develops chronic infections and transmit the infection for a long period of time.
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Portal of Exits
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Respiratory Tract
Genitourinary Tract Alimentary Tract Skin Utero Transmission |
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Direct Transmission
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Host and reservoir are in close proximity.
Skin to skin. |
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Indirect Transmission
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Host and reservoir are separated.
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Vector Spread
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Transmission of infectious agent by an animate object.
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Vehicle Spread
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Transmission of an infectious agent by inanimate object.
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Airborne Spread
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Transmission by sneezing, talking or coughing.
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Resistance Factors
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Skin that is intact
Good cough reflex Normal gastric juices Diarrhea Normal bacterial flora |
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Epidemiological Triangle
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For a disease to occur there must be a harmful agent which comes in contact with a susceptible host in the proper environment.
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Host Factor
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Determinant of an individuals susceptibility to a disease includes biological traits and social traits.
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Age
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Important epidemiological factor in determining what disease a person acquires.
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Physical Factor
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Climate, temp, moisture
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Biological Factor
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Ability of an agent to overcome environment hazards.
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Social Factor
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Diet, drug, alcohol use.
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Epidemics Occur
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When the proportion of susceptible individuals is high and increase as proportion of immune individuals decrease.
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Disease Surveillance
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Process of determining the frequency at which a certain disease occurs in a community by collecting data.
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Disease Eradication
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Requires total annihilation of the agent so the epidemiological triangle will never occur.
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Vital Statistics
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Registration or recording of vital events such as births, deaths, fetal deaths, abortions, marriages and divorces.
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Certificate of Live Birth
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Must be certified by attending doctor, midwife or designated person for unattended births.
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Certificate of Live Birth (Contains)
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Information of the event.
Demographic data. Information of the pregnancy medical risks, complications, congenital anomalies. |
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Certificate of Death
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Must be certified by doctor, medical examiner, coronor or chiropractor.
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Certificate of Death (Contains)
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Information of the event.
Information about the deceased. information on the cause of death. |
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Ratio
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The expression of the relatioship between two items.
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Proportion
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The expression of the relationship of one part to a whole.
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Rate
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The expression of the probability of occurrence of a certain event.
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Natality Rate
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Measure the rate of births per 1000 population.
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Morbidity Rate
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Measures the rate of illness per 1000 population.
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Mortality Rate
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Measures the rate of death per 1000 population.
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Years of Potential Lost Life (YPLL)
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Quantitative measure of premature mortality.
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Proportionate Mortality Rate (PMR)
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Used to determine the relative importance of dying from a specific disease in relation to all causes of death in the population.
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Time
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Refers to the date and in some cases the house of disease onset.
Some diseases have a periodicity which can be used to predict future behavior. |
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Legionnare's Disease
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More common in summer months because it occurs in contaminated air cooling systems.
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Tularemia
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Zoonotic disease common in winter months and is transmitted by ticks which are living on rabbits.
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Epidemic Curves
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Describe the distribution of cases during short periods of time and can be helpful in determining the source of infection and its mode of transmission.
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Person
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Characteristics which describe the host.
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Place
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Specific geographic point or area and the features, factors, or conditions which allow the disease to exist.
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Investigation
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Describe the how and why a disease outbreak occurred.
Institute and apply universal control measures early in outbreak investigation. |
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Epidemic Occurring
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Look for unrecognized/unreported cases in surrounding hospitals
Determine the population at risk for developing disease. Compare the incidence of disease in the population with previous time periods. |
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Variable of Time
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To be able to construct an epidemic curve.
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Variable of Place
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Detect a source of infection.
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Variable of Person
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Examine the population at various angles.
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Test the Hypothesis
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1. Demonstrate difference in attack rates of various people exposed and not exposed.
2. Statistical tests to see f variations are random or significant. 3. Collect clinical and environmental specimens to be processed in the laboratory. 4. Ignore lab data if it doesn't support epidemiological data. 5. Formulate conclusion based on evidence and the results of the tested hypothesis. 6. Finalize specific control measures. |
