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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
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PREHISTORIC |
•Hadnoconcept of Public Health,however; –Theydidnot settle inone place, so accumulated dirt and litter was left behind –Theyburiedexcrement far from the camp, however this was for religious reasonsrather than medical or health reasons |
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EGYPTIAN |
•TheEgyptians stressedthe importance of cleanliness, but this was for religiousand social reasons ratherthan to keep the population health •Baths and toilets –Tookcare over personalcleanliness and appearance for social reasons rather than forreasons of health and hygiene •Mosquito nets –Simplyto prevent mosquitos from biting them, not to prevent malaria •Priests –Keptthemselves scrupulouslyclean forreligious reasons |
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GREEK General public health |
•No sewers or supplies of running water •Manyrich Greeks followed a ‘programme for health’ •Hippocratesaccepted that is would be more difficult for ordinary people tofollow the regime and therefore they would be less healthy •The‘regimen’ states: “..he should rub his teeth using fine peppermint powder..”(first idea of toothpaste?) |
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GREEK Asclepion Temples |
–Astime went on, these became health resorts,with facilities such as a gymnasium, anathletics stadium and baths |
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ROMAN Why and how were public health systems built? |
WHY: •Alink wasmade between cleanliness and health HOW: –Theyhad very skilledarmy engineerswith lots of technical knowledge –Theyhad slaves todo work (saves money) –Theywere wealthy due to the taxation of the people |
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ROMAN Public Health for Wealthy Citizens |
–Hadhouses with their own supply of water –Luxurious bath house withslaves attending to them (costs 1 quadrans: 1/16 of a penny) –Private toilet inthe house –Drains and sewage systems takewaste away |
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ROMAN Public Health for Soldiers |
–High level floors abovemarshland –Goto baths in-between training and when they need to –Accessto freshwater and latrines –Pipestake waste to the nearest river |
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ROMAN Public Health for poor people in towns |
–Liveon upperfloors with nodrainage or water –Goto the baths a lot after working long hours –Getwater from the local water foundation –Usepublictoilets asthey can’t afford their own –Livingupstairs means they don’t have pipes |
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ROMAN The collapse of Roman Public Health systems |
•Romanhealth systems disappeared due to the collapseof the Roman Empire •Withoutthe Roman army there were no engineers withthe technical knowledge to keep public baths, sewers and aqueducts workingeffectively •Therefore,invading tribes destroyed or neglected publichealth systems |
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THE MIDDLE AGES What was Public Health like? |
•Themayorsand councils were responsible for public health, whereas in the Romantimes it was the duty of the government and Emperor •Citystreets were full of dung and waste •KingEdward III ‘detested the abominable smell’ •However,there were goodhealth facilities in monasteries (toilets, water supply, drains) |
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THE MIDDLE AGES Why did efforts to clean up not work? |
–TheKing felt it wasn’t his responsibility –Londonerswouldn’tpay taxes forPublic Health officials –Nobodyknew about germs sothey didn’t see the need to clean up |
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THE BLACK DEATH Date and methods used against it. |
1348 •More natural thansupernatural methods were used •Naturalmethods: –Cleanse streets,avoid baths (as they open the pores) •Supernaturalmethods: –Prayingfor forgiveness, flagellants whipping themselves •Physicianssuch as John Burgundy gave advice•KingEdward III organised public protection (e.g. cleansing streets of dirt andfilth) |
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THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Date and methods used against it |
1665 •Mostlynaturalmethods used •Naturalmethods: –Regulations: (Bundles of straw hungoutside plague victims’ houses) (Peoplefrom infected houses had to carry a white stick inpublic) –Watchmenwere appointed to guard infected houses –Peopleinside infected houses were supplied food by the council •Supernaturalmethods: –Peoplemarkedtheir houses with a red cross and the words ‘Lord have mercy upon us’ •Amore practical approach was used because people realised that supernaturalmethods were not working andthe churchwas less powerful. |
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What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution? |
•Cramped living spaces •Lotsof people using the same water pump •Airis full of smoke(sootaccumulating in lungs) •Dunghillsnever cleared |
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19TH CENTURY Arguments FOR government action: |
•Cholera –Ledto the investigation of living conditions•Miasma –Peoplebelieved that disease was spread in bad air andfilth •EdwinChadwick –Acivil servant who believed in the miasma theory –Arguedthat dealing with the consequences ofsickness and disease was more expensive thantaking measures to prevent disease•Reportsand Statistics –Chadwick’s‘Report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population’ contained vividdescriptions of appalling living conditions andworrying averageage of death statistics |
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19TH CENTURY Arguments AGAINST government action: |
•ImprovementCommissions –Groupsof men who had applied to the government for permission to improve their towns –Ifthe government took action instead, they would lose their power and status •WaterCompanies –Wouldloseprofits ifthe government provided clean, fresh water •Cost –Peoplebelieved it would be too expensive•‘Laissez-Faire’attitude –Thebelief that all problems should be left alone andthey would sort themselves out eventually |
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19TH CENTURY INDIVIDUALS John Snow |
•Hewas a fullyqualified doctor •Provedthat cholera spread through water, not ‘bad air’ •Provedthis by showing how more deaths happened around water pumps, andhow men who only drank beer didnot get cholera •Maincholeraoutbreaks:–1831,1848, 1853, 1865 |
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First Public Health Act |
1848 –Createda NationalBoard of Health –Localcouncils were encouraged to make public health improvements –Councilswere also encouraged to appoint Medical Officers of Health –Not compulsory |
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Second Public Health Act |
1875 –Councilsforced to provide clean water, public toilets, drains andsewers –Councilsforced to appoint a Medical Officer of Health and sanitaryinspectors –Standardof housingimproved –Stoppedpollution ofrivers –Shortenedworkinghours forwomen and children in factories –Madeeducationcompulsory –Compulsory |
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Reasons why Public Health improved in the second half of the 19th Century |
•Individuals –JohnSnow (cholera, water pumps) –EdwinChadwick (living conditions) –LouisPasteur (germ theory) •Scienceand Technology –Modernsewers were built •Government –Workingmen got the vote –PublicHealth acts (1848, 1875) •Chance –Cholera –Thegreat stink of 1858 (affected the government directly) |
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20TH CENTURY Why was the government's attention drawn to poverty? |
–Therewere highinfant mortality rates –Newrecruits for the army were not healthy enough |
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20TH CENTURY INDIVIDUALS Charles Booth |
–Wrote‘Lifeand Labour of the London Poor’ in 1889 –Thebook contained coloured maps ofLondon identifying the extent of poverty –Spentweeks living in the East End of London –Showedthat 35%of Londoners lived in poverty |
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20TH CENTURY INDIVIDUALS Seebohm Rowntree |
–Wrote‘Poverty:a study of town life’in 1901 –Investigatedpoverty and living conditions in York –Showedthat povertywas having a serious impact on health –Provideddetailed evidence that more than ¼ of people in York were living in poverty, despitehaving jobs |
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THE LIBERAL GOVERNMENT REFORMS |
•1902Midwives Act –Trainingfor midwives made compulsory•1906Provision of Meals Act –Mealswere provided for children at school•1907Notification of Births Act –Allbirths were recorded •1908Old Age Pensions Act –Statepension was given at age 70 •1909Town Planning Act –Backto back housing was forbidden •1911National Insurance Act –Acompulsoryinsurance scheme wasintroduced for all workers earning less than £160 a year –Ifthey felt sick theycould claim benefit •1919Housing Act –Newhouses provided for the working class •1930Housing Act –Aslum clearing programme was introduced |
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Why were things still bad in the 1930s, despite the Liberal Government Reforms? |
–TheWallStreet Crash •Ledto the Great Depression •Unemployment roseto over 3million |
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The NHS |
–WW2led to the demandfor free healthcare
–SirWilliam Beveridge setup the NHS in the 1940’s •1942:Beveridge proposes a ‘free’ national health scheme •1944:The government proposes a free and comprehensive health service •1946:The ‘National Health Service Act’ provides this service •5thJuly 1948: The first day of the NHS |
