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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epidemiology has been called?
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population medicine
-study outbreaks, diseases, injury, death in human pop |
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epidemiology is the study of?
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distribution and determinants of health related states or events in SPECIFIED POPULATIONS, and the app of this study to control health problems
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endemic diseases are diseases that occur?
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regularly in a pop as a matter of course (always there)
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Epidemic is an unexpected
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large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event in a particular population
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an epidemiologist is an investigator who studies?
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the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions or events in defined populations
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Epizootic is outbreak of?
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disease that begins in animals and spreads to humans
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pandemic is outbreak of disease...
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over a wide geographical area such as a continent (flu pandemic of 1918-19 killed 25 million people worldwide)
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brieg history of epidemiology
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300BC hippocrates- suggested a relationship btw?
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disease and environment
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1793 yellow fever in Philly killed...
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4044 people, caused by mosquito, discovered in 1901 by Maj walter reed
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1849 Cholera in london, snow investigated and in 1854...
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removed broad street pump handle, 30 yrs prior to louis pasteurs germ theory
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Importance of rates-
cases are... |
1. those affected
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rates are the number of events that....
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occur in a given pop in a given time period, three categories are
natality-birth morbidity-sickness mortality/fatality rates |
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importance of rates allows for...
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a comparison of outbreaks that occur at different times or in different places
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incidence rate is the number of..
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NEW hx related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in time period
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prevalence rate is calculated by...
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dividing ALL current cases of a disease OLD AND NEW by the total population at risk in a given time period
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attack rate is a special incidence rate calculated for..
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a particular population for a single disease outbreak expressed as a %
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acute diseases are those that last...
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3 months or less (sudden onset, severe manifestations, complete recovery
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chronic diseases are those that last ....
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3 months or longer (insidious onset, moderate manifestations, incomplete recovery
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prevalence rate can be used to.... 2
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measure amount of illness in a community
2. determine health care needs of a community - influenced by incidence rate and duration of illness |
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crude rates are those in which the denominator includes the?
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total population
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specific rates measure .....
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morbidity or mortality for particular populations or diseases
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case fatality rate is the percentage of....
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cases that resulted in death
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case fatality rate = ?
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# death due to X disease/
# cases of same disease |
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so case fatality rate predicts risk of...
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dying of a disease
ex: tetanus: CFR 30-90% depending on age |
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proportionate mortality ratio describes the relationship btw...
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the number of deaths from a specific cause and the total number of deaths attributed to all causes
PMR= # of death due to X cause/ total number of deaths -not a rate -to determine RELATIVE importance in relation to all other causes w/in a certain population |
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Notifiable diseases are infectious diseases which....
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health officials request or req reporting
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NETS- national electronic telecommunications systems is the electronic reporting system....
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used by state health dept and CDC
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morbidity and mortality weekly report MMWR- a report of....
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CDC used to present notifiable disease data
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Cali code title 17, sect 2500, pub hx professional, med providers and others are mandated to report...
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84 diseases or conditions to their local hx dept- disease of pub hx importance-- also people in charge of schools
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disease reporting... why?
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1. protect pub hx
2. determine extent of morbidity 3. evaluate risk of transmission 4. interven rapidly when appropriate |
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according to PH reporting is?
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immediate by telephone
2. mail report w/in 1 work day immediate by tel when 2 or more , from diff households, are suspected w/in 7 calendar days from time of identification |
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failure to report is a misdemeanor by fine no less than 50 no more than $1000, imprisonment up to...
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90 days or both
each day violation is cont is seperate offense |
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commonly used vaccines are?
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1. live attenuated viral- measle, mumps, rubella, polio, yellowfever
2. killed or fractionated viral- influena, hep B, rabies 3. killed or fractionated bacterial vacc- H. influena type B, cholera, typhoid fever |
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Toxoid is a modified bacterial toxin that has been...
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rendered non toxic but retains the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin
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commonly used toxoids include?
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diphteria and tetanus
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HERD IMMUNITY- portrays spread of communicable diseases w/in a group based on thepercentages of.....
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susceptibla and immune individuals in the group. epidemics or outbreaks of disease occur when the proportion of susceptble indiv id high and disappear as the proportion of immune indiv increase
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Standardized measurement of Health status of populations
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Mortality statisitics is?
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leading causes of death- single most reliable measure of pop death
ex; 1900-pneumonia and influena, tb, diarrhea |
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Life expectancy is the ave number of years a....
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person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time.
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years of potential life YPLL)- is the number of years lost when...
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death occurs before age 65-75
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sources of standardized data
U.S. Census is conducted every... |
10 years, enumeration of population
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the monthly vital statisitics report is statistical summaries of...
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records of major life events
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morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR) is prepared by the CDC and reports
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cases of notifiable diseased in the US, includes articles on other pub hx problems
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National health surveys are?
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1. hx interviews of peopl
2. clinical tests, measurements, physical exam 3. survey of places where people receive medical care |
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Epidemiological studies- 4 types
what are the four types? |
1. descriptive studies
analytical studies- 2. prospective studies (cohort) 3. retrospective study (case control) 4. experimantal studies |
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descriptive studies describe?
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who- age, sex, ethnic...
when/time- time of day, week, incubation period where/place- country state, county, domestic/foreign |
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to answer the question of-when?
Epidemic curve is a graphic display of the cases of a..... |
disease according to the time or date of onset
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propagated epidemic curve is an epidemic curve depicting a.....
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distribution of cases traceable to multiple sources of exposure
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epidemiologic variables, what are the three categories?
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time
person place |
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Time: long years ----> secular tendencies---->?
2. moderate--->seasonal variations--->? 3. short---> epidemic situation---> ? |
years
-some diseases have periodicity- used to speculate future trends 2. months- provide info about mode of transmission and reservoir 3. days (epidemic curve) |
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Epidemic curves-
Type 1 point source depicts? |
1. rapid rise and fall
2. all fall w/in on I.P- (incubation period) 3. caused by common source at one point in time 4. if I.P of disease is known 5. days can be counted backwards so source can be Id'd |
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Epidemic curves-
Type 2, propagated depicts? |
1. cases occur over 1 I.P.
2. shape of curve suggest- P-P transmission or cont common source |
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PERSON;
describes characteristics that... |
describe the host
*no two persons are alike |
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PLACE; specific geographic point or area and its?
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factors and features
-mainly used to determine source of infection, but may be used to determine mode of transmission |
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case/control study (retrospective) is one that seeks to compare those diagnosed with a disease with those who....
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do not have the disease for prior exposure to specific risk factors
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Cohort study (prospective study) is one in which a cohort is classified by exposure to one or more.....
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specific risk factors and observed to determine the rates at which disease develops in each group
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disadvantages of cohort (prospective studies) is? 3
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1. expensive
2. take years to complete 3. not very useful for studying rare diseases ( may not develop in the cohort) |
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to determine effectiveness of a new vaccine, therap drug, surgical procedure, a study carried out under controlled conditions with what three principals?
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1. control group (receiving placebo)
2. randomization 3. blindness |
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odds ratio; is a probability statement about the association btw....
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1. a particular disease and specific risk factor resulting from a case/control study
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