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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Foodborne Intoxications
Foodborne Infections Water and Milkborne diseases List four agents causing foodborne intoxications |
Vibrio Cholerae
Staph aureus Clostridium perfringens Clostridium botulinum Bacillus cereus |
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Foodborne Intoxications
Foodborne Infections Water and Milkborne diseases List Foodborne Infections |
Salmonella
E.coli Campylobacter Yersinia enterocolitica Listeria monocytogenes |
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Foodborne Intoxications
Foodborne Infections Water and Milkborne diseases List Water and Milkborne diseases |
Shigella
Hepatitis A Virus Giardia intestinalis Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Give 3 main areas where vets play a role in Human Health and Welfare
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Parasite Control
Control of Zoonoses Antibiotic Use |
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Give three examples of Global Issues with regard to public health
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Pandemic zoonoses (avian influenza)
International Trade Climate Change |
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What are four key areas of concern specific to NZ with respect to public health?
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Campylobacter
Cryptosporidia Leptospirosis Environmental pollution from dairy farming (also global issues apply): Pandemic zoonoses (avian influenza) International Trade Climate Change |
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What are the two main exposure pathways for humans to zoonoses?
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Food and environment
Use a systems approach taking measures at many points to reduce risk |
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Give four egs of success stories in NZ for VPH
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Brucellosis eradication
Lepto control Greatly decreased incidence of hydatids Bovine TB control |
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Why is source attribution important? (3 reasons)
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Manage PH risks
Prioritise resources Direct research efforts |
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What ENDEMIC viral zoonoses do we have in NZ?
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Only two :
Pseudocowpox and ORF |
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For Pseudocowpox (milkers nodule, papular stomatitis, paravaccinia):
1. what organism is involved? 2. clinical signs in animals? 3. clinical signs in humans? 4. What do we see on cytology? 5. How do we diagnose? 6. What treatment do we use? 7. How is it transmitted? 8. Three control mechanisms 9. What is the most important relevance factor of this dz for vets? |
1. Parapox virus
2. Teat/Udder: raised firm erythematous lesions, necrotic centres. Mouth, muzzle and nostrils: Papular stomatitis (vesicles) Can get 2ndy infxn w Candida leading to asp. pneumonia 3. Humans: Small red raised spots - 1 wk later develop into red-blue tender lumps on hands, fingers or face. Can get 2ndy bact infxn. See red lymphatic streaking up arms, LN enlargement 4. Eosinophilic, with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies 5. CS, history 6. No tx available - tx 2ndy bact infxns 7. Between animals or animals and humans - no human - human trans. 8. Decrease incidence of teat abrasions/lesions Hygiene Teat care 9. Its a differential for FMD |
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For ORF (contagious ecthyma, scabby mouth, contagiuos pustular dermatitis):
1. what organism is involved? 2. clinical signs in animals? 3. clinical signs in humans? 5. How do we diagnose? 6. What treatment do we use? 7. How is it transmitted? 8. Three control mechanisms 9. What is the most important relevance factor of this dz for vets? |
1. Parapoxvirus
2. Animals: Un-woolled areas of skin get pustular and scabby lesions, also sometimes in mouth and oesophagus (can lead to starvation and death!) Lesions on udders, teats, feet and venereal. 3. Single or few lesions. Small reddish-blue or red lump - enlarges and forms blood tinged pustule or blister. Looks like pus under skin but is firm red tissue upon incision. Hands, arms, face. Red streaking up arms (lymph), LN enlargement Complications may occur - bullous pemphigous, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome 5. Hx, CS 6. No tx but tx 2ndy bact infections. Resolves in approx 6 wks 7. Suckling Pasture Environmental survival for months (cf psuedocowpox) 8. Vaccination (live vacc) Cleaning and disinfection of building Hygiene Gloves 9. Diff for FMD |
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Name three important exotic viral diseases from a public health perspective
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West Nile Virus
Rabies Influenza A |
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For West Nile Virus:
1. Is it in NZ? 2. What species is it found in? 3. What are the four dz presentations in man? 4. Four methods of decreasing the chances of being bitten by mosquitoes carrying the virus 5. Why is it a threat to NZ? |
1. No
2. Mosquitoes are vectors. Humans and horses are dead end hosts. Other mammals, and birds may also be infected. 3. West Nile encephalitis (inflamm of spinal cord and brain) West Nile Meningitis Neuroinvasive disease West Nile fever 4. Mozzie repellent Window and door screens Eliminate standing water Support community based mozzie control programmes 5. Climate change - vectors may be able to survive in NZ soon |
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What are the three broad disease stages of rabies?
What is it transmitted in? How is it prevented from entry into NZ? |
Vague neuro signs - excitative stage - paralysis (-coma-death)
Saliva Travels up nerves to spinal cord then brain Quarantine; vaccinate and then test serologically to ensure adequate immune response |
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What 3 categories are the influenza viruses divided into? Which ones are important for human health?
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A,B,C
A and B especially A: All the highly pathogenic isolates are A and H5 or H7. All influenza A viruses occur in birds |
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What is the reservoir for Influenza A?
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Wild waterfowl
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Describe the pathogenesis of Influenza A
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Virus enters tissues - sends proinflammatory cytokines and chemoattractants to lungs - leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome - tissue destruction/necrosis, leukocytes arrive, blood vessels are dilated. Virus replicates in macrophages then is released and spreads.
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Describe the clinical signs of Influenza A in animals
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Severe depression, inappetance
Reduced egg prodn Facial oedema, swollen cyanotic wattles Petechiae Sudden deaths Congestion in muscles Dehydration SQ oedema Nose and mouth discharge Congestion of conjunctiva Kidney congestion, urate crystals |
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How do we diagnose Influenza A in birds?
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Serological tests on cloacal swabs
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Describe Influenza A in humans
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Aggressive clinical course
Rapid deterioration, high mortality (>50%) Primary viral pneumonia Multiple organ failure Mostly occurs in healthy young adults and children |
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What are two ways H5N1 could become a Pandemic?
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1. Gradual process of adaptive mutation - need to become capable of binding to human cells. Would see small clusters of cases initially, with human - human transmission
2. Reassortment - genetic material exchanged between human and avian viruses during co infection of a human or a pig |
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5 methods of controlling/preventing spread of influenza virus in poultry
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Sanitation/ cleaning and disinfection
Avoid contact with waterofwl Don't bring in bords of unknown origin Control human traffic All-in-all-out |
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What would you do in the face of a bird flu outbreak?
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Slaughter and dispose of carcasses and animal products
Cleaning and disinfection Allow >21 days before restocking |
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Name 4 parasitic zoonoses in NZ
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1. Toxocara canis/cati
2. Cutaneous larva migrans 3. Hydatid disease 4. Trichinella spiralis |
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What causes:
1. Visceral larva migrans 2. Cutaneous larva migrans |
VLM: Toxocara canis/cati (roundworm)
CLM: Hookworms (Uncinaria stenocephala, Ancylostoma caninum) |
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For Toxocariasis:
1. What is the disease presentation in humans? 2. How does it persist in dog populations? 3. Describe disease in dogs and cats 4. Describe disease in humans 5. How long after excretion are they infective and what are the implications of this? 6. How do we control these roundworms? |
= roundworms Toxocara canis and cati
1. Visceral larva migrans 2. Bitches persistently infected with larvae in their tissues 3. Usually subclinical but heavy burdens can cause V, D, abdo pain, GI obstructions, ascites, pulmonary oedema 4. Mild may have no symptoms More serious - can affect eyes, lungs, liver, brain and heart. Fever, irritability, abdo pain, hives, cough, vision loss, shortness of breath, strabismus 5. 3 weeks so the major risk factor is not animal faeces, but the soil into which they're passed. 6. Worm dogs and cats Dispose of faeces Cover sandpits Advise owners |
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How does cutaneous larva migrans occur?
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Hookworms (Uncinaria stenocephala or Ancylostoma caninum) are shed in dog or cat faeces, develop into 3rd stage larvae which penetrate human skin from the environment.
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What is Hydatid disease?
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Echinococcus granulosus
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