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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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application of statistics to biological sciences are?
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collection
description interpretation classification analysis presentation |
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descriptive and analytic is?
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the summary measurement of data
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Data-
refer to individual values that are |
presented
measured observed |
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properties of data include?
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sample or population
grouped/ungrouped quantitative/quallitative discrete or continuous |
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where do we get our data-
Simple random where each has an... |
oppurtunity,
chance alone |
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non random data is a selection...
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based on known factors
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stratified selected data is population divided into....
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sampling units, a random sample is chosen from each
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Data grouped or ungrouped-
if presented in groups, it consists of... |
identical data
by frequency |
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if ungrouped it is presented...
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individually
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Quantitative or qualitative-
quantitative is based on? |
numbers. measuring in weight or in Kg
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qualitative is non...
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numerical
based on categories * measure weight in terms of light weight, med wt, heavy weight |
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Discrete or continuous-
discrete data is? |
distinct categories
limited number of possible values exist ex; no of children in family is 3 or 4, not 3.5 |
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COntinuous data is unlimited...
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number of possible values
ex; individ weight may be 149.23345lb but reported as 149lb |
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characteristics of data
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accuracy is exactness, measure true....
precision is consistent and... |
value of what being studied
2. reproducible |
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reliability is stable dependable and...
validity is measures what is supposed..... |
sound
2. to be measured |
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Distributions
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distribution is the complete summary of frequencies or proportions of a characteristics for.....
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a series of data from a population or a sample
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normal distribution is?
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symmetrical, gaussian, continuous bell shape
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Uniform distribution is?
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rectangular, where all events occur with equal frequency
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Skewed distributions, assymetrical may be?
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positively skewed to the right, or negatively skewed to the left
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Descriptive statistics -
measures of central affinity describe.... |
the middle
most common occurring values in a series values can be grouped or ungrouped |
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Arithmetic mean is sensitive to?
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extreme values in a series
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Median divides series into?
2. it is the middle of? |
2 equal groups
NOT sensitive to extreme values 2. percentiles |
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Mode is the most....
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occurring value in a series
useful in epi studies as determining peak of disease occurence in an epi outbreak investigation |
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range is the difference between?
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highest and lowest value
- used to measure data spread |
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variance us used to calculate?
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standard deviation
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Analytical statistics-
probability is the quantitative expression of... |
the likelihood of occurence
- defined in terms of relative freqency |
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Screening-
theories are concerned with? |
chronic comm disease
acute/chronic non comm disease acute/chronic NMS disorders |
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what other topics of theories are there?
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diagnosticc testing
used as a case finding tool treatment testing |
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screening-
programs must meet certain criteria. what are the 5? |
segment being screened- r they high risk?
2. the disease- enough concern to comm being screened? 3. un-diagnosed disease- should be more responsive to Tx 4. Screening test 5. those w/ positive results- guaranteed follow up evaluation |
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what two ratios measure ability of screening test to dicriminate?
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sensitivity and specificity
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Sensitivity is the ability to ID correctly those who....
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do not have the same disease
-when sensitivity is 100% and result is negative |
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sensitivity is the ability of the test to give a positive result when...
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person tested truly has the disease
expressed- as % |
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Specificity is the ability to ID correctly those who....
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have the disease.
-when specificity is 100% the result is positive |
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setting the cutoff depends on?
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natural history of the disease
-effectiveness of intervention (early&late) must be known |
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setting the cutoff-
if disease is very rare sensitivity must be .... |
high, or the few cases present will be missed
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if disease is prevalent specificity must be?
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high
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