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412 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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avascular
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pertaining to a type of tissue that does not have blood vessels
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cutaneous
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pertaining to the skin
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cutane
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skin
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dermis
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deeper layer of skin composed of nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat)
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derm
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skin
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epidermis
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outer protective layer of skin that covers the body and does not have a blood or nerve supply
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lesion
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wound, injury, or pathological change in body tissue
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sebaceous
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pertaining to sebum, an oily fatty substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
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subcutaneous
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pertaining to under the skin
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sudoriferous
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pertaining to or producing sweat
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systemic
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pertaining to a system or the whole body rather than a localized area
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therapeutic
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pertaining to treating, remediating, or curing a disorder or disease
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sub-
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under, below
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-pathy
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disease
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therapeut
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treatment
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vascular
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pertaining to or containing blood vessels
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Dermatologists focus on diseases of the skin, and the relationship of a _____ ____ to a _____ _____
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cutaneous lesion
systemic disease |
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What is the largest organ of the body?
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the skin
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integumentary
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skin
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What is the outer layer of the skin?
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epidermis
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What functions does the epidermis have?
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- protects the body from the environment
- prevents entry of harmful substances |
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Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
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avascular, because it is composed of epithelial tissue and does not contain blood vessels
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-ac
-al -ar(y) -eal -ic -ical -ior -ous -tic |
pertaining to
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What is the inner layer of the skin?
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dermis
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Is the dermis vascular or avascular?
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vascular
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What structures lie within the dermis?
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- blood vessels
- nerve endings - sebaceous (oil) glands - sudoriferous (sweat) glands - hair follicles |
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What binds the dermis to underlying structures?
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subcutaneous tissue
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What are the main functions of the subcutaneous tissue?
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- protect the tissues and organs underneath it
- prevent heat loss |
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What are the accessory organs of the skin?
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- nails
- sweat glands - sebaceous glands |
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adip/o
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fat
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lip/o
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fat
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steat/o
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fat
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cutane/o
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skin
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dermat/o
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skin
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derm/o
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skin
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cyan/o
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blue
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erythem/o
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red
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erythemato/o
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red
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erythr/o
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red
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-cele
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hernia, swelling
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-oma
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tumor
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cyan
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blue
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-osis
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abnormal condition; increase
(used primarily with blood cells) |
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-rrhage
-rrhagia |
bursting (of)
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homo-
homeo- |
same
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-graft
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transplantation
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hypo-
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under, below, deficient
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-cyte
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cell
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-therapy
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treatment
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hetero-
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different
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carcin/o
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cancer
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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hidr/o
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sweat
(do not mistake hidr/o--sweat for hydr/o--water) |
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sudor/o
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sweat
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-esis
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condition
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ichthy/o
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dry, scaly
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kerat/o
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horny tissue, hard, cornea
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melan/o
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black
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myc/o
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fungus (pl. fungi)
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onych/o
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nail
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pil/o
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hair
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trich/o
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hair
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-malacia
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softening
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nid
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nest
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scler/o
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hardening, sclera (white of eye)
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seb/o
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sebum, sebaceous
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squam/o
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scale
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therm/o
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heat
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xer/o
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dry
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-rrhea
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discharge, flow
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leuk/o
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white
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carcin
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cancer
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-phoresis
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carrying, transmission
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cry/o
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cold
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abrasion
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scraping or rubbing away of a surface, such as skin, by friction
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abscess
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localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)
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furuncle
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an abscess that originates in a hair follicle; also called a boil
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carbuncle
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cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue
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acne
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inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicles of the skin, marked by comedos (blackheads), papules, and pustules (small skin lesions filled with purulent material)
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alopecia
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absence or loss of hair, especially of the head (baldness)
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burn
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tissue injury caused by contact with a thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agent
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first-degree burn
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superficial
mild burn affecting the epidermis and characterized by redness and pain with no blistering or scar formation |
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second-degree burn
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partial thickness
burn affecting the epidermis and part of the dermis and characterized by redness, blistering or larger bullae, and pain with little or no scarring |
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third-degree burn
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full thickness
severe burn characterized by destruction of the epidermis and dermis with damage to the subcutaneous layer, leaving the skin charred black or dry white in appearance with insensitivity to touch |
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carcinoma
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uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body; also called malignant cells
(in epithelial tissue, spread through lymph) |
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melanoma
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malignant tumor that originates in melanocytes and is considered the most dangerous type of skin cancer, which, if not treated early, becomes difficult to cure and can be fatal
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comedo
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discolored, dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
blackhead |
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cyst
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closed sac or pouch in or under the skin with a definite wall that contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material
bladder |
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pilonidal (cyst)
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growth of hair in a dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin
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sebaceous (cyst)
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cyst filled with sebum (fatty material) from a sebaceous gland
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eczema
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redness of skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
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gangrene
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death of tissue, usually resulting from loss of blood supply
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hemorrhage
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external or internal loss of a large amount of blood in a short period
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contusion
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hemorrhage of any size under the skin in which the skin is not broken
bruise |
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ecchymosis
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skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow
bruise |
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petechia
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minute, pinpoint hemorrhagic spot of the skin that is a smaller version of an ecchymosis
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hematoma
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elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma
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hirsutism
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excessive growth of hair in unusual places, especially in women; may be due to hypersecretion of testosterone
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ichthyosis
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genetic skin disorder in which the skin is dry and scaly (resembling fish skin) due to a defect in keratinization
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impetigo
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bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
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keloid
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overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of a skin injury (especially a wound, surgical incision, or severe burn) due to excessive collagen formation during the healing process
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psoriasis
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chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered with silvery scales
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scabies
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contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
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skin lesions
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areas of pathologically altered tissue caused by disease, injury, or a wound due to external factors or internal disease
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ulcer
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lesion of the skin or mucous membranes marked by inflammation, necrosis, and sloughing of damaged tissues
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pressure ulcer
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skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure, usually in a person who is bedridden
also known as decubitus ulcer or bedsore |
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urticaria
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allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale red elevated patches that are intensely itchy
also called wheals or hives |
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verruca
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rounded epidermal growth caused by a virus
also called a wart |
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vesicle
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small, blister-like elevation on the skin containing a clear fluid
large vesicles are called bullae (singular: bulla) |
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vitiligo
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localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
also called leukoderma |
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wheal
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smooth, slightly elevated skin that is white in the center with a pale red periphery
also called hives if itchy |
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biopsy
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removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease
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bi-
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life
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-opsy
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view of
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skin test
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any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it
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cryosurgery
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use of subfreezing temperature, commonly with liquid nitrogen, to destroy abnormal tissue cells, such as unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue
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debridement
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removal of foreign material, damaged tissue, or cellular debris from a wound or burn to prevent infection and promote healing
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fulguration
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tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current
also called electrodessication |
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incision and drainage (I&D)
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incision of a lesion, such as an abscess, followed by the drainage of its contents
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Mohs surgery
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surgical procedure used primarily to treat skin neoplasms in which tumor tissue fixed in place is removed layer by layer for microscopic examination until the entire tumor is removed
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skin graft
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surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site
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allograft
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transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another
also called homograft |
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allo
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other, differing from normal
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autograft
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transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
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auto
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self, own
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synthetic
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transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
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xenograft
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transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human
also called a heterograft |
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xen/o
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foreign, strange
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skin resurfacing
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procedure that repairs damaged skin, acne scars, fine or deep wrinkles, or tattoos or improves skin tone irregularities through the use of topical chemicals, abrasion, or laser
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chemical peel
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use of chemicals to remove outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses as well as for cosmetic purposes to remove fine wrinkles on the face
also called chemabrasion |
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cutaneous laser
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any of several laser treatments employed for cosmetic and plastic surgery
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dermabrasion
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removal of acne scars, nevi, tattoos, or fine wrinkles on the skin through the use of sandpaper, wire brushes, or other abrasive materials on the epidermal layer
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antibiotics
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kill bacteria that cause skin infections
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antifungals
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kill fungi that infect the skin
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antipruritics
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reduce severe itching
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What is the most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer?
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basal cell carcinoma
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Basal cell carcinoma is a cancerous tumor of:
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the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles
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What is the second most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Which cancer is more likely to metastasize, basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma?
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squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma rarely metastasizes |
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tinea
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fungal infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected, such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
also called ringworm |
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Bx
bx |
biopsy
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CA
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cancer
chronological age cardiac arrest |
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Derm
|
dermatology
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FH
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family history
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I&D
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incision and drainage
irrigation and debridement |
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IM
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intramuscular
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IMP
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impression (synonymous with diagnosis)
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PE
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physical examination
pulmonary embolism pressure equalizing (tube--ear tubes) |
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SCC
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squamous cell carcinoma
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subcu
Sub-Q subQ |
subcutaneous (injection)
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UV
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ultraviolet
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WBC
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white blood count
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macule
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discolored area on the skin that is not elevated
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intermittent
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condition that comes and goes
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syncope
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fainting episode
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vulgaris
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common or ordinary
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colitis
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inflammation of the colon
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chronic
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of long duration
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sclerosed
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hardened
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enteritis
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inflammation of the small intestine
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pruritis
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severe itching
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Bartholin gland
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mucous gland at the vaginal opening
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papule
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elevated lesion containing pus (as seen in acne and psoriasis)
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diagnosis
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identification of a disease or condition by a scientific evaluation of physical signs, symptoms, history, laboratory test results, and procedures
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pulmonary
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pertaining to the lungs or the respiratory system
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respiration
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molecular exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body's tissues
also called breathing, pulmonary ventilation, or ventilation |
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thoracic
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pertaining to the thorax or thoracic cage (bony enclosure formed by the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae)
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gnos
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knowing
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pulmon
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lung
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pulmonologist
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specialist who treats respiratory disorders
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Organs that comprise the respiratory system:
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- nose
- pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchial tubes - lungs - breathing muscles |
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What is external respiration?
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oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and absorbed into the bloodstream
carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream and enters the lungs where it is expelled during exhalation |
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What is external respiration?
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oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and absorbed into the bloodstream
carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream and enters the lungs where it is expelled during exhalation |
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What is internal respiration?
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oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the cellular level
oxygen leaves the bloodstream and is delivered to the tissue cells, where it is used for energy in exchange, carbon dioxide enters the bloodstream from the tissues and is transported back to the lungs for removal |
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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laryngo/o
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larynx (voice box)
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nas/o
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nose
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rhino/o
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nose
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pharyng/o
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pharynx (throat)
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-spasm
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involuntary contraction, twitching
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tonsill/o
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tonsils
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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-tomy
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incision
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alve/o
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alveolus, air sac
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bronch/o
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bronchus (plural: bronchi)
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-ectasis
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expansion, dilation
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole
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phren/o
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diaphragm
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-algia
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pain
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pleur/o
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pleura
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-dynia
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pain
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pneum/o
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air, lung
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pneumon/o
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air, lung
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pulmon/o
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lung
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thorac/o
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chest
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aer/o
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air
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-phagia
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swallowing, eating
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mastoid/o
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mastoid process (houses air cells which direct sound waves into the inner ear)
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muc/o
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mucus
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-oid
|
resembling
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orth/o
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straight
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-pnea
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breathing
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py/o
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pus
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-plegia
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paralysis
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brady-
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slow
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dys-
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bad, painful, difficult
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eu-
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good, normal
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tachy-
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rapid
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abnormal breath sounds
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abnormal sounds heard during inhalation or expiration, with or without a stethoscope
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crackles
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fine crackling or bubbling sounds, commonly heard during inspiration when there is fluid in the alveoli
also called rales |
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friction rub
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dry, grating sound heard with a stethoscope during auscultation (listening for sounds within the body)
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rhonchi
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loud coarse or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration; caused by obstructed airways
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stridor
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high-pitched, musical sound made on inspiration; caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx
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wheezes
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continuous high-pitched whistling sounds, usually during expiration; caused by narrowing of an airway
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acidosis
|
excessive acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body
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acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
|
life-threatening build-up of fluid in the air sacs (alveoli), caused by vomit into the lungs (aspiration), inhaling chemicals, pneumonia, septic shock, or trauma, that prevents enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream
also called adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
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anosmia
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absence or decrease in the sense of smell
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-osmia
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smell
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anoxia
|
total absence of oxygen in body tissues caused by a lack of oxygen in inhaled air or by obstruction that prevents oxygen from reaching the lungs
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-oxia
|
oxygen
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asphyxia
|
condition of insufficient intake of oxygen due to choking, toxic gases, electric shock, drugs, drowning, smoke, or trauma
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-phyxia
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pulse
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asthma
|
inflammatory airway disorder that results in attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise or activity, and coughing (with or without sputum)
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atelectasis
|
collapse of lung tissue, which prevents the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and is caused by a variety of conditions, including obstruction of foreign bodies, excessive secretions, or pressure on the lung from a tumor
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atel
|
incomplete, imperfect
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bronchitis
|
acute or chronic inflammation of mucous membranes of the bronchial airways caused by irritation, infection, or both
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bronch
|
bronchus (plural: bronchi)
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coryza
|
acute inflammation of the nasal passages accompanied by profuse nasal discharge
also called a cold |
|
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croup
|
acute respiratory syndrome that occurs primarily in children and infants and is characterized by laryngeal obstruction and spasm, barking cough, and stridor
|
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cystic fibrosis (CF)
|
genetic disease that is one of the most common types of chronic lung disease in children and young adults and causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract, possibly resulting in early death
|
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fibr
|
fiber, fibrous tissue
|
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emphysema
|
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that makes it difficult to breathe and is characterized by loss of elasticity of the lung tissue that causes the small airways to collapse during forced exhalation
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epistaxis
|
hemorrhage from the nose
also called nosebleed |
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-staxis
|
dripping, oozing (of blood)
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hypercapnia
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greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
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-capnia
|
carbon dioxide
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hypoxemia
|
deficiency of oxygen in the blood; usually a sign of respiratory impairment
|
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ox
|
oxygen
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hypoxia
|
deficiency of oxygen in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment
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influenza
|
acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain
|
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otitis media (OM)
|
inflammation of the middle ear, commonly the result of an upper respiratory infection (URI) with symptoms of otodynia; may be treated with myringotomy or tympanostomy tubes
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ot
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ear
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med
|
middle
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exudative
|
otitis media with the presence of fluid, such as pus or serum
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pertussis
|
acute infectious disease characterized by a "whoop"-sounding cough
also called whooping cough |
|
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pleurisy
|
inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by deep breathing or coughing
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-isy
|
state of, condition
|
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pneumothorax
|
collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, causing the complete or partial collapse of a lung
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
|
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant
also called crib death |
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arterial blood gases (ABGs)
|
group of tests that measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in an arterial blood sample
|
|
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Mantoux test
|
intradermal test to determine recent or past exposure to tuberculosis
|
|
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pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
|
variety of tests used to determine the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
|
|
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
|
basic emergency procedure for life support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage
|
|
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endotracheal intubation
|
procedure in which an airway catheter is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea in patients who are unable to breathe on their own or to administer oxygen, medication, or anesthesia
|
|
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postural drainage
|
use of body positioning to assist in the removal of secretions from specific lobes of the lung, bronchi, or lung cavities
|
|
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thoracocentesis
|
use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis or remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space
also called thoracentesis |
|
|
tracheostomy
|
incision into the trachea (tracheotomy) and creation of a permanent opening through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted to keep the opening patent (accessible or wide open)
|
|
|
bronchodilators
|
dilate constricted airways by relaxing muscle spasms in the bronchial tubes through oral administration or inhaled via a metered dose inhaler (MDI)
|
|
|
-stomy
|
forming an opening (mouth)
|
|
|
corticosteroids
|
suppress the inflammatory reaction that causes swelling and narrowing of the bronchi
anti-inflammatory agents that treat skin inflammation |
|
|
expectorants
|
improve the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract
|
|
|
metered-dose inhaler
|
device that enables the patient to self-administer a specific amount of medication into the lungs through inhalation
|
|
|
nebulized mist treatment (NMT)
|
method of administering medication directly into the lungs using a device (nebulizer) that produces a fine spray
also called aerosol therapy |
|
|
What can result from sleep apnea?
|
- hypoxia
- cognitive impairment - hypertension - arrhythmias |
|
|
What occurs during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
|
a physical obstruction in the upper airways produces
- recurrent sleep interruptions - choking and gasping spells on awakening - drowsiness caused by loss of normal sleep |
|
|
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
|
a gentle ventilator support used to keep airways open
|
|
|
What does untreated apnea frequently result in?
|
- central sleep apnea
- pulmonary failure - cardiac abnormalities |
|
|
What disorders comprise COPD?
|
- asthma
- chronic bronchitis - emphysema |
|
|
What happens in lungs affected by COPD?
|
airway passages become clogged with mucus
air reaches the alveoli during inhalation, but may not be able to escape during exhalation |
|
|
What is the prognosis for COPD?
|
progressive and irreversible
|
|
|
What can cause COPD?
|
predisposing factors are:
- smoking - prolonged exposure to polluted air - respiratory infections - allergies |
|
|
What medications are used to alleviate COPD symptoms?
|
- bronchodilators
- corticosteroids |
|
|
polypoid
|
resembling a polyp
|
|
|
meatus
|
an opening, especially the external opening of a canal
|
|
|
metastatic
|
pertaining to a carcinoma that has spread to a distant site
|
|
|
polypectomy
|
excision of a polyp
|
|
|
snare
|
wire loop instrument used for excision of polyps
|
|
|
angioplasty
|
surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery
|
|
|
angi/o
|
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
|
|
|
arteries
|
large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
|
|
|
capillaries
|
microscopic blood vessels joining arterioles and venules
|
|
|
congenital
|
pertaining to presence of a disorder at the time of birth, which may result from genetic or environmental causes
|
|
|
metabolism
|
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism
|
|
|
myocardium
|
middle layer of the walls of the heart that is composed of cardiac muscle; heart muscle
|
|
|
my/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
cardi
|
heart
|
|
|
-um
|
structure, thing
|
|
|
veins
|
vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart
|
|
|
What types of surgery does a cardiac surgeon perform?
|
- coronary artery bypass
- angioplasty - pacemaker insertion - valve replacement/repair - heart transplantation - repairs of congenital heart diseases |
|
|
What is the main purpose of the CV system?
|
to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to body cells and remove waste products of cellular metabolism
|
|
|
A heart contraction is known as:
|
systole
|
|
|
The resting period between contractions when the heart fills with blood is known as:
|
diastole
|
|
|
aneurysm/o
|
widening, widened blood vessel
|
|
|
arteri/o
|
artery
|
|
|
-rrhaphy
|
suture
|
|
|
ather/o
|
fatty plaque
|
|
|
atri/o
|
atrium
|
|
|
coron/o
|
heart
|
|
|
cardi/o
|
heart
|
|
|
-megaly
|
enlargement
|
|
|
phleb/o
|
vein
|
|
|
ven/o
|
vein
|
|
|
thromb/o
|
blood clot
|
|
|
-lysis
|
separation, destruction, loosening
|
|
|
varic/o
|
dilated vein
|
|
|
-ose
|
pertaining to (sugar)
|
|
|
vas/o
|
vessel, vas deferens, duct
|
|
|
vascul/o
|
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
|
|
|
ventricul/o
|
ventricle (of heart or brain)
|
|
|
inter-
|
between
|
|
|
-cardia
|
heart condition
|
|
|
-gram
|
record, writing
|
|
|
electr/o
|
electricity
|
|
|
-graph
|
instrument for recording
|
|
|
-graphy
|
process of recording
|
|
|
-stenosis
|
narrowing, stricture
|
|
|
endo-
|
in, within
|
|
|
epi-
|
above, upon
|
|
|
peri-
|
around
|
|
|
aneurysm
|
localized dilation of a blood vessel wall (usually an artery) due to a congenital defect or weakness in the vessel wall
|
|
|
angina pectoris
|
mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia
also called angina |
|
|
arrhythmia
|
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
also called dysrhythmia |
|
|
-rrhythm
|
rhythm
|
|
|
a-
|
without, not
|
|
|
-ia
|
condition
|
|
|
fibrillation
|
irregular, random contraction of heart fibers that commonly occurs in the atria or ventricles of the heart and is usually described by the part that is contracting abnormally, i.e., atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation
|
|
|
What is a fusiform aneurysm?
|
the entire circumference of the artery dilates
|
|
|
what is a saccular aneurysm?
|
bulging on only one side of the artery wall
|
|
|
What is a dissecting aneurysm?
|
tear in the wall of an artery because of bleeding into the weakened wall, which splits the wall
more common in the aorta |
|
|
arteriosclerosis
|
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
also called hardening of the arteries |
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
most common form of arteriosclerosis caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and, eventually, total blockage
|
|
|
bruit
|
soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow
|
|
|
embolus
|
mass of undissolved matter (commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble) that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel
|
|
|
embol
|
plug
|
|
|
-us
|
condition, structure
|
|
|
heart block
|
disease of the electrical system of the heart, which controls activity of heart muscle
|
|
|
first-degree heart block
|
atrioventricular (AV) block in which the atrial electrical impulses are delayed by a fraction of a second before being conducted to the ventricles
|
|
|
second-degree heart block
|
AV block in which only some atrial electrical impulses are conducted to the ventricles
|
|
|
third-degree heart block
|
AV block in which no electrical impulses reach the ventricles
also called complete heart block (CHB) |
|
|
heart failure (HF)
|
condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the metabolic requirement of body tissues
formerly called congestive heart failure (CHF) |
|
|
hypertension (HTN)
|
consistently elevated blood pressure, causing damage to the blood vessels, and ultimately, the heart
|
|
|
hyper
|
excessive, above normal
|
|
|
-tension
|
to stretch
|
|
|
ischemia
|
inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part due to an interruption of blood flow
|
|
|
isch
|
to hold back
|
|
|
-emia
|
blood
|
|
|
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
|
structural abnormality in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve does not close completely, resulting in a backflow of blood into the left atrium with each contraciton
|
|
|
murmur
|
abnormal sound heard on auscultation caused by defects in the valves or chambers of the heart
|
|
|
myocardial infarction (MI)
|
necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries
also called heart attack |
|
|
patent ductus arteriosus
|
failure of the ductus arteriosus (which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch in a fetus) to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
|
|
|
Raynaud disease
|
severe, sudden vasoconstriction and spasm in fingers and toes followed by cyanosis after exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress
also called Raynaud phenomenon |
|
|
rheumatic heart disease
|
streptococcal infection that causes damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults
|
|
|
stroke
|
damage to part of the brain due to interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or, more commonly, blockage of an artery
also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
|
|
thrombus
|
a stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or within the heart, commonly causing vascular obstruction
also called blood clot |
|
|
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
|
formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in the iliac and femoral veins
|
|
|
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
|
blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted but does not cause permanent brain damage and may be a warning sign of a more serious and debilitating stroke in the future
also called ministroke |
|
|
cardiac catheterization
|
insertion of a small tube (catheter) through an incision into a large vein, usually of an arm (brachial approach) or leg (femoral approach), that is then threaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart
|
|
|
cardiac enzyme studies
|
battery of blood tests performed to determine the presence of cardiac damage
|
|
|
echocardiography (ECHO)
|
ultrasound technique used to image the heart and evaluate how the heart's chambers and valves are working and to diagnose and detect pathological conditions
|
|
|
echo-
|
repeated sound
|
|
|
Holter monitor
|
monitoring device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings (usually 24 hours) on a portable tape recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities
|
|
|
stress test
|
electrocardiography (ECG) taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (typically using a treadmill) while measuring oxygen consumption
|
|
|
nuclear stress test
|
ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
|
|
|
troponin I
|
blood test that measures protein released into the blood by damaged heart muscle (not skeletal muscle) and is a highly sensitive, specific indicator of recent myocardial infarction (MI)
|
|
|
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
|
angioplasty in which peripheral vein(s) are removed and each end of the vein is sutured onto the coronary artery to create new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
|
|
|
cardioversion
|
restoration of normal heart rhythm by applying an electrical countershock to the chest using a device called a defibrillator
also called defibrillation |
|
|
-version
|
turning
|
|
|
defibrillator
|
device used to administer a defibrillating electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm
|
|
|
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
|
surgically implanted electrical device that automatically detects and corrects potentially fatal arrhythmias by delivering low-energy shocks to the heart
also called implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) |
|
|
automatic external defibrillator (AED)
|
portable computerized device that analyzes the patient's heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest
|
|
|
endarterectomy
|
surgical removal of the lining of an artery
|
|
|
carotid endarterectomy
|
removal of plaque (atherosclerosis) and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery to reduce the risk of stroke
|
|
|
endovenous laser therapy
|
treatment of large varicose veins in the legs in which a laser fiber is inserted directly into the affected vein to heat the lining within the vein, causing it to collapse, shrink and eventually disappear
also called endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) |
|
|
sclerotherapy
|
chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein
|
|
|
valvuloplasty
|
insertion of a balloon catheter in a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stenotic (stiffened) heart valve and increase blood flow
also called percutaneous valvuloplasty |
|
|
anticoagulants
|
prevent the clotting or coagulation of blood
|
|
|
beta blockers
|
slow the heart rate and reduce the force with which the heart muscle contracts, thereby lowering blood pressure
|
|
|
nitrates
|
relieve chest pain associated with angina and ease symptoms of heart failure (HF)
|
|
|
statins
|
reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and block production of an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol
|
|
|
thrombolytics
|
dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis
|
|
|
coronary artery disease
|
a condition that involves narrowing of the coronary arteries, resulting in failure of the arteries to deliver an adequate supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
|
|
|
arteriostenosis
|
narrowing of arterial walls, usually caused by atherosclerosis
|
|
|
occlusion
|
total blockage of an artery
|
|
|
What happens to areas of heart muscle served by a coronary artery that is totally, or almost totally, occluded?
|
the areas of heart muscle die, causing a myocardial infarction (heart attack)
|
|
|
What surgical treatments are available for CAD?
|
- angioplasty
- coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) |
|
|
competent
|
healthy
|
|
|
varicosities
|
another name for varicose veins
|
|
|
What causes varicose veins?
|
dilation of veins from long periods of pressure prevents complete closure of the valves, resulting in a backflow and pooling of blood in the veins; this pooling causes varicosities that contribute to enlarged, twisted superficial veins called varicose veins
|
|
|
incompetent
|
unhealthy, damaged
|
|
|
What other risk accompanies varicose veins?
|
the risk of thrombosis
|
|
|
AED
|
automatic external defibrillator
|
|
|
AICD
|
automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
|
|
|
ASHD
|
arteriosclerotic heart disease
|
|
|
BP
|
blood pressure
|
|
|
CABG
|
coronary artery bypass graft
|
|
|
CAD
|
coronary artery disease
|
|
|
CV
|
cardiovascular
|
|
|
CVA
|
cerebrovascular accident
costovertebral angle |
|
|
DVT
|
deep vein thrombosis
deep venous thrombosis |
|
|
ECHO
|
echocardiogram
echocardiography echoencephalogram echoencephalography |
|
|
ECG, EKG
|
electrocardiogram
electrocardiography |
|
|
EVLA
|
endovenous laser ablation
endoluminal laser ablation |
|
|
EVLT
|
endovenous laser therapy
endoluminal laser therapy |
|
|
HDL
|
high-density lipoprotein
|
|
|
HF
|
heart failure
|
|
|
HTN
|
hypertension
|
|
|
ICD
|
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
|
|
|
MI
|
myocardial infarction
|
|
|
MVP
|
mitral valve prolapse
|
|
|
RV
|
right ventricle
|
|
|
SVC
|
superior vena cava
|
|
|
TIA
|
transient ischemic attack
|
