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509 Cards in this Set
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cystoscopy
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visual examination of the urinary bladder and urethra using a cystoscope (thin, tubelike instrument with a light and lens for viewing) inserted through the urethra
insertion of a rigid or flexible cystoscope through the urethra to examine the urinary bladder, obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, and remove polyps |
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cyst/o
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bladder
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-scopy
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visual examination
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dialysis
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mechanical filtering process used to remove metabolic waste products from blood, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail to function properly
two types: - hemodialysis - peritoneal dialysis |
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dia-
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through, across
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-lysis
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separation, destruction, loosening
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electrolytes
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solutions that conduct electricity, such as acids, bases, and salts (sodium, potassium)
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metabolism
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sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism
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pH
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symbol for the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution or the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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surgical procedure that removes part of an enlarged prostate via an instrument inserted through the urethra
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urology
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the medical specialty associated with the urinary system
branch of medicine specializing in treating disorders of the male reproductive system |
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urologist
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physician who specializes in female and male urinary disorders
also diagnose and treat male reproductive disorders, such as infertility and sexual dysfunction also specialize in surgeries, such as transurethral resection of the prostate, as well as cystoscopy and other procedures to treat urinary tract disorders |
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nephrologist
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physician who specializes in diagnosis and management of kidney disease, kidney transplantation, and dialysis therapies
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nephrology
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a subspecialty of internal medicine
after completing a residency, the internist is required to complete additional training, or a fellowship, as a nephrologist |
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What is the primary function of the urinary system?
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to remove waste products of metabolism from the blood by excreting them in the urine
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What are the organs of the urinary system?
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- kidneys
- ureters - bladder - urethra |
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Formation of urine is performed by the function of the
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kidneys
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What are some other important functions of the kidneys?
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- regulating body's tissue fluid
- maintaining a balance of electrolytes and an acid-base balance (pH) in the blood |
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The function of the other urinary structures is to
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store and eliminate urine
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adren/o
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adrenal
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adrenal/o
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adrenal
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medull/o
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medulla (renal)
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arteri/o
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artery
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ven/o
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vein
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vesic/o
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bladder
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vesicocele
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hernial protrusion of the urinary bladder; also called cystocele
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-cele
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hernia, swelling
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus
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glomerulopathy
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disease of the glomerulus
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meat/o
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opening, meatus
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meatus
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opening or tunnel through any part of the body such as the external opening of the urethra
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nephr/o
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kidney
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-us
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condition, structure
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hydr/o
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water
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ren/o
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kidney
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renal
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pertaining to the kidney
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis
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pyeloplasty
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surgical repair of the renal pelvis
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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ur/o
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urine, urinary tract
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urin/o
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urine, urinary tract
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urinary
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pertaining to urine or the urinary tract
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uremia
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excessive levels of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; also called azotemia
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azotemia
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excessive levels of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; also called uremia
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-ary
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pertaining to
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-emia
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blood condition
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ureter/o
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ureter
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ureterostenosis
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narrowing or stricture of a ureter
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-stenosis
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narrowing, stricture
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urethr/o
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urethra
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urethrocele
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hernia or swelling of the urethra
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azot
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nitrogenous compounds
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-iasis
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abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
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lithiasis
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abnormal condition of a stone or calculus
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-pathy
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disease
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-pexy
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fixation (of an organ)
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nephropexy
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surgical fixation of a kidney
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-ptosis
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prolapse, downward displacement
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nephroptosis
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downward displacement or dropping of a kidney
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-tripsy
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crushing
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lith/o
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stone, calculus
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-uria
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urine
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oliguria
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diminished or scanty capacity to form and pass urine
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an-
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without, not
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anuria
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without urine
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poly-
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many, much
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polyuria
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excessive urination
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supra-
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above, excessive, superior
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suprarenal
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pertaining to the area above the kidney
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nephrolith
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stone or calculus in the kidney
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nephropathy
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disease of the kidney
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nephrohydrosis or hydronephrosis
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abnormal condition of water in the kidney
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pyelectasis or pyelectasia
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dilation of the renal pelvis
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pyelopathy
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disease of the renal pelvis
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ureterocele
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hernia or swelling of the ureter
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ureteroplasty
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surgical repair of the ureter
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cystoscope
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instrument to view the bladder
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azoturia
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nitrogenous compounds in the urine; increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
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urethrostenosis
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narrowing or stricture of the urethra
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urethrotome
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instrument used to incise the urethra
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urography
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radiography of the urinary tract
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uropathy
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disease of the urinary tract
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diuresis
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increased formation and secretion of urine
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di-
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double
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ur
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urine
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-esis
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condition
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dysuria
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painful or difficult urination, typically due to a urinary tract condition, such as cystitis
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dys-
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bad, painful, difficult
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edema
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abnormal accumulation of fluids in the cells, tissues, or other parts of the body that may be a sign of kidney failure or other disease
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end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
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kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood and eventually requires dialysis or renal transplantation for survival; also called chronic renal failure (CRF)
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chronic renal failure (CRF)
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kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood and eventually requires dialysis or renal transplantation for survival; also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
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enuresis
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involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established; also called night-time bed-wetting or nocturnal enuresis
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en-
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in, within
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hyp/o
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under, below, deficient
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-spadias
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slit, fissure
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interstitial nephritis
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pathological changes in renal interstitial tissue that result in destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function
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nephrolithiasis
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formation of stones, or calculi, in the kidney that results when substances that are normally dissolved in the urine (such as calcium and acid salts) solidify
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renal hypertension
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high blood pressure that results from kidney disease
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hyper-
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excessive, above normal
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-tension
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to stretch
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra or that spread to the kidney from the bloodstream
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Wilms tumor
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malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5, and includes such common early signs as hypertension, a palpable mass, pain, and hematuria
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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laboratory test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) in the blood and demonstrates the kidneys' ability to filter urea from the blood for excretion in urine
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kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
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radiographic examination to determine the location, size, shape, and possible malformation of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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pyelography
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radiographic study of the kidney, ureters, and, usually, the bladder after injection of a contrast agent
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-graphy
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process of recording
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intravenous pyelography (IVP)
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radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization of the entire urinary tract; also called intravenous urography (IVU) or excretory urography (EU)
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intra-
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in, within
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-ous
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pertaining to
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retrograde pyelography (RP)
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radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters to provide detailed visualization of the urinary structures and also to locate urinary tract obstruction
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retro-
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backward, behind
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-grade
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to go
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renal scan
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nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance injected intravenously that concentrates in the kidney
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ren
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kidney
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-al
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pertaining to
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urinalysis (UA)
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physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine
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voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
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radiography of the bladder and urethra during the process of voiding urine after filling the bladder with a contrast medium
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catheterization
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insertion of a catheter (hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine
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lithotripsy
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method of removing stones that crushes them into smaller pieces so they can be expelled in the urine
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extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
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use of powerful sound wave vibrations to break up stones in the kidney
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extra
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outside
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corpor
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body
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-eal
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pertaining to
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nephrolithotomy
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surgical procedure that involves a small incision in the skin and insertion of an endoscope into the kidney to remove a renal calculus
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-tomy
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incision
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renal transplantation
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organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease; also called kidney transplantation
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antibiotics
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treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
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antispasmodics
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decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder (caused by UTIs and catheterization) by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
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diuretics
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block reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thereby increasing the amount of salt and water excreted in the urine (causes reduction of fluid retained in the body and prevents edema)
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hydronephrosis
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excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis due to obstruction of a ureter
because urine is blocked from flowing into the bladder it flows backwards (refluxes) into the renal pelvis and calyces causing hydronephrosis and results in abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys abnormal condition of water in the kidneys |
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causes of hydronephrosis
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- stone or stricture
- tumor - thickening of the bladder wall - prostatomegaly (enlarged prostate) |
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hydroureter
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urinary obstruction in the ureter due to a stone (calculus)
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hemodialysis
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involves passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities
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peritoneal dialysis
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involves introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter
dialysate fluid flows through the catheter and remains in the abdominal cavity for several hours during which time the fluid pulls body wastes from the blood into the abdominal cavity the fluid is then removed from the abdomen via a catheter |
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ARF
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acute renal failure
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BNO
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bladder neck obstruction
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
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cysto
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cystoscopy
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ESRD
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end-stage renal disease
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ESWL
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extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
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IVP
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intravenous pyelography
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KUB
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kidney, ureter, bladder
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RP
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retrograde pyelography
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TURP
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transurethral resection of the prostate
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UA
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urinalysis
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US
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ultrasound, ultrasonography
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UTI
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urinary tract infection
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VCUG
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voiding cystourethrography
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WBC, wbc
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white blood cell
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cholecystectomy
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surgical removal of the gallbladder
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choledocholithiasis
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presence of a stone in the common bile duct
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choledocholithotomy
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incision of the common bile duct for the extraction of a stone
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cholelithiasis
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presence of concretions in the gallbladder or bile ducts
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cystitis
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inflammation of the urinary bladder
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epigastric
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region of the abdomen located between the costal margins and the subcostal plane
region above the stomach |
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hematuria
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presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine
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nocturia
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purposeful urination at night, after waking from sleep; typically caused by nocturnal urine volume in excess of bladder capacity or incomplete emptying of the bladder because of lower urinary tract obstruction or detrusor instability
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incontinence
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inability to prevent the discharge of any of the excretions, especially of urine or feces
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continence
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ability to control the bladder
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lithotomy
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surgical procedure in which and incision is made for the purpose of removing a calculus
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nephromegaly
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enlarged kidney
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pyuria
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pus in the urine
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neonate
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infant from birth to 28 days of age
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infertility
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persistent inability to conceive a child
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gamete
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reproductive cell (spermatozoon in the male and ovum in the female)
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fertilization
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union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual
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ova
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female reproductive cells (plural of ovum)
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postpartum
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occurring after childbirth
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post-
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after, behind
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-partum
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childbirth, labor
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gynecology
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medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive disorders, including the breasts
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gynecologist
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physician who specializes in gynecology
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Unlike most medical specialties, gynecology includes:
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the surgical and nonsurgical expertise of the physician
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Because obstetrics is studied in conjunction with gynecology,
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the physician's medical practice commonly includes both areas of expertise (OB-GYN)
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The obstetrician and gynecologist must also possess knowledge of:
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endocrinology, because hormones play an important role in the functions of the female reproductive system, especially the process of secondary sex characteristics, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause
therefore infertility, birth control, and hormone imbalance are all part of the treatment provided by an OB-GYN |
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obstetrics
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branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth, including the study of the physiological and pathological functions of the female reproductive tract
it also involves the care of the mother and fetus throughout pregnancy, childbirth and the immediate postpartum period |
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obstetrician
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physician who specializes in obstetrics
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neonatology
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branch of medicine that concentrates on the care of the neonate and in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the neonate
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neonatologist
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physician who specializes in providing medical care to neonates
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external organs of the female reproductive system are collectively known as
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vulva or genitalia
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female sex hormones
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estrogen
progesterone |
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estrogen and progesterone are produced
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by the ovaries
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gonads
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primary sex organs of the male
specifically testes |
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metri/o
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uterus
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pen/o
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penis
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epididym/o
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epididymis
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amni/o
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amnion (amniotic sac)
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amniocentesis
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obstetric surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to remove fluid for laboratory analysis for fetal abnormalities and/or infections
a.k.a. amniotic fluid test |
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-centesis
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surgical puncture
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cervic/o
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neck
cervix uteri - neck of uterus |
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colp/o
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vagina
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colposcopy
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visual examination of the vagina
examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument |
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vagin/o
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vagina
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vaginocele
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herniation into the vagina
also called colpocele |
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colpocele
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herniation into the vagina
also called vaginocele |
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galact/o
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milk
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galactorrhea
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discharge or flow of milk
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lact/o
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milk
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lactogen
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(substance that stimulates) formation or production of milk
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-itis
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inflammation
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-rrhea
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discharge, flow
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-gen
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forming, producing, origin
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gynec/o
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woman, female
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-logist
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specialist in the study of
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hyster/o
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uterus (womb)
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hysterectomy
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excision of the uterus
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uter/o
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uterus (womb)
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uterovaginal
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pertaining to the uterus and vagina
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mamm/o
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breast
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mammogram
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radiography of the breast
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mast/o
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breast
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mastopexy
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surgical fixation of the breast(s)
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men/o
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menses, menstruation
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-rrhagia
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bursting forth of
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-gram
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record, writing
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menorrhagia
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bursting forth of menses; heavy menstrual bleeding
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metr/o
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uterus (womb); measure
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endometritis
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inflammation of the endometrium
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endo-
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in, within
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nat/o
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birth
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prenatal
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pertaining to (the period) before birth
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pre-
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before, in front of
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oophor/o
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ovary
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oophoroma
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ovarian tumor
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ovari/o
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ovary
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ovariorrhexis
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rupture of an ovary
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-rrhexis
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rupture
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perine/o
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perineum
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perineorrhaphy
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suture of the perineum, which is performed to repair a laceration that occurs spontaneously or is made surgically during the delivery of the fetus
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salping/o
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tube (usually fallopian or eustachian)
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salpingectomy
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excision of a fallopian tube
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vulv/o
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vulva
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vulvopathy
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disease of the vulva
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episi/o
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vulva
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episiotomy
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incision of the perineum, which is performed to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery of a fetus
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-rrhaphy
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suture
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andr/o
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male
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androgen
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substance producing or stimulating the development of male characteristics
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balan/o
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glans penis
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gonad/o
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gonads, sex glands
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gonadotropin
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gonad-stimulating hormone that stimulates the function of the testes and ovaries
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-tropin
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stimulate
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olig/o
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scanty
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oligospermia
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condition of scanty sperm cells
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-ia
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condition
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orch/o
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testis (pl. testes)
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cryptorchism
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condition of a hidden testicle; failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotum
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orchiopexy
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surgical fixation of one or both testes
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crypt
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hidden
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-ism
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condition
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orchi/o
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testis (pl. testes)
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orchid/o
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testis (pl. testes)
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orchidectomy
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excision of one or both testes
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test/o
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testis (pl. testes)
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testalgia
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pain in one or both testes
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-algia
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pain
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prostat/o
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prostate gland
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prostatitis
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inflammation of the prostate gland
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spermat/o
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spermatozoa, sperm cells
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spermatocide
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agent that kills spermatozoa; also called spermicide
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-cide
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killing
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sperm/i*
combining vowel i |
spermatozoa, sperm cells
combining vowel i |
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sperm/o
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spermatozoa, sperm cells
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aspermia
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failure to form semen or ejaculate
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a-
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without, not
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varic/o
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dilated vein
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varicocele
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dilated or enlarged vein of the spermatic cord
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vas/o
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vessel, vas deferens, duct
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vasectomy
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removal of all or part of the vas deferens followed by ligation of the ends with sutures
|
|
|
vesicul/o
|
seminal vesicle
|
|
|
vesiculitis
|
inflammation of the seminal vesicle
|
|
|
-arche
|
beginning
|
|
|
menarche
|
initial menstrual period
|
|
|
-cyesis
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
pseudocyesis
|
false pregnancy; condition in which a woman believes she is pregnant when she is not
|
|
|
pseudo-
|
false
|
|
|
-gravida
|
pregnant woman
|
|
|
primigravida
|
woman during her first pregnancy
|
|
|
-para
|
to bear (offspring)
|
|
|
multipara
|
woman who has delivered more than one viable infant
|
|
|
primi-
|
first
|
|
|
multi-
|
many, much
|
|
|
-salpinx
|
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian)
|
|
|
hematosalpinx
|
blood in the fallopian tube
|
|
|
-tocia
|
childbirth, labor
|
|
|
dystocia
|
painful, difficult childbirth
as opposed to painless, easy childbirth??? |
|
|
retroversion
|
tipping back of an organ
|
|
|
gynecopathy
|
disease (specific to) women
|
|
|
cervicovaginitis
|
inflammation of the cervix uteri and vagina
|
|
|
cervicectomy
|
excision of cervix uteri
|
|
|
colposcope
|
instrument used to examine the vagina
|
|
|
hysterrhexis
|
rupture of the uterus
|
|
|
hysteropathy
|
disease of the uterus
|
|
|
metrorrhagia
|
hemorrhage from the uterus
|
|
|
metritis
|
inflammation of the uterus
|
|
|
salpingocele
|
herniation of the fallopian tube
|
|
|
salpingitis
|
inflammation of the fallopian tube
|
|
|
salpingopexy
|
fixation of a fallopian tube
|
|
|
prostatomegaly
|
enlargement of the prostate gland
|
|
|
prostatodynia
|
pain in the prostate gland
|
|
|
orchidopathy
|
disease of the testes
|
|
|
orchialgia
|
pain in the testes
|
|
|
prostatalgia
|
pain int he prostate gland
|
|
|
orchiopathy
|
disease of the testes
|
|
|
orchiodynia
|
pain in the testes
|
|
|
orchidalgia
|
pain in the testes
|
|
|
balanorrhea
|
discharge from the glans penis
|
|
|
balanoplasty
|
surgical repair of the glans penis
|
|
|
candidiasis
|
vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida albicans and characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching
|
|
|
cervicitis
|
inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted disease
|
|
|
cervic
|
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
|
|
|
ectopic pregnancy
|
implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the oviducts (tubal pregnancy)
|
|
|
endometriosis
|
presence of endometrial tissue outside (ectopic) the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen
|
|
|
metri
|
uterus (womb)
|
|
|
-osis
|
abnormal condition, increase (used primarily with blood cells)
|
|
|
fibroid
|
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomyoma
|
|
|
leiomyoma
|
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called fibroid
|
|
|
fistula
|
abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities (such as the rectum and vagina) or a body cavity to the skin (such as the rectum to the outside of the body) caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation
|
|
|
fibr
|
fiber, fibrous tissue
|
|
|
-oid
|
resembling
|
|
|
vesicovaginal
|
abnormal duct between the bladder and vagina that results in severe urine loss from the vagina
|
|
|
pregnancy-induced hypertension
|
potentially life-threatening disorder that usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria
-preeclampsia (nonconvulsive) -eclampsia (convulsive) |
|
|
preeclampsia
|
nonconvulsive form of PIH that, if leeft untreated, may progress to eclampsia
|
|
|
PIH
|
pregnancy-induced hypertension
-preeclampsia (nonconvulsive) -eclampsia (convulsive) |
|
|
eclampsia
|
convulsive form of PIH that may become life threatening
|
|
|
sterility
|
inability of a woman to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a woman
|
|
|
toxic shock syndrome
|
rare and sometimes fatal staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, most of whom use vaginal tampons
|
|
|
TSS
|
toxic shock syndrome
|
|
|
tox
|
poison
|
|
|
-ic
|
pertaining to
|
|
|
anorchism
|
congenital absence of one or both testes
|
|
|
anorchia
|
congenital absence of one or both testes
|
|
|
balanitis
|
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of microorganisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis
|
|
|
cryptorchidism
|
failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
|
|
|
epispadias
|
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
|
|
|
hypospadias
|
congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the under-surface of the penis instead of the tip
|
|
|
epi-
|
above, upon
|
|
|
impotence
|
inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; also called erectile dysfunction
|
|
|
erectile dysfunction
|
inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; also called impotence
|
|
|
phimosis
|
stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
|
|
|
phim
|
muzzle
|
|
|
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
|
any disease affecting the male or female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual; also called venereal disease
|
|
|
chlamydia
|
one of the most damaging STDs caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, causing cervicitis in women and urethritis in men
|
|
|
genital warts
|
wart(s) in the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women
|
|
|
gonorrhea
|
contagious bacterial infection caused by the organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and, occasionally, the pharynx or rectum
|
|
|
gon/o
|
seed (ovum or spermatozoon)
|
|
|
herpes genitalis
|
infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and anorectal skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery
|
|
|
syphilis
|
infectious, chronic STD characterized by lesions that change to a chancre and may involve any organ or tissue
|
|
|
trichomoniasis
|
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STD affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in women
|
|
|
hysterosalpingography
|
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
|
|
|
laparoscopy
|
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
|
|
|
mammography
|
radiography of the breasts used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors
|
|
|
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
|
microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab in order to detect carcinoma
|
|
|
digital rectal examination (DRE)
|
examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum
|
|
|
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
|
blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer
|
|
|
cerclage
|
obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix
|
|
|
dilatation and curettage (D&C)
|
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus (dilatation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities, and obtain tissue for microscopic examination
|
|
|
hysterosalpingooophorectomy
|
surgical removal of a uterus, a fallopian tube, and an ovary
|
|
|
lumpectomy
|
excision of a small primary breast tumor ("lump") and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
|
|
|
mastectomy
|
complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor
|
|
|
total mastectomy
|
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
|
|
|
modified radical mastectomy
|
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)
|
|
|
radical mastectomy
|
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
|
|
|
reconstructive breast surgery
|
reconstruction of a breast that has been removed due to cancer or other disease and commonly possible immediately following mastectomy so the patient awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place
|
|
|
tissue (skin) expansion
|
common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant
|
|
|
transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
|
surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured into place
|
|
|
tubal ligation
|
sterilization procedure that involves blocking both fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off
|
|
|
circumcision
|
surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis and usually performed on the male as an infant
|
|
|
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
|
surgical procedure to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (excessive overgrowth of normal tissue) by insertion of a resectoscope into the penis and through the urethra to "chip away" at prostatic tissue and flush out chips using an irrigating solution
|
|
|
antifungals
|
treat vaginal fungal infection, such as candidiasis
|
|
|
estrogens
|
treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
|
|
|
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
|
synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone, relieve symptoms of menopause, and prevent osteoporosis in women
|
|
|
oral contraceptives (OCPs)
|
prevent ovulation in order to avoid pregnancy; also known as birth control pills
|
|
|
gonadotropins
|
hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count in infertility cases
|
|
|
spermicides
|
method of birth control that destroys sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
|
|
|
What are the most common abnormalities detected with amniocentesis?
|
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Edward syndrome (trisomy 18) Turner syndrome (monosomy X) |
|
|
What are possible complications of amniocentesis?
|
- infection of the amniotic sac from the needle
- failure of the puncture to heal properly, which can cause leakage or infection - serious complications can result in miscarriage |
|
|
vasovasostomy
|
vasectomy reversal
greatest success within 3 years of the vasectomy |
|
|
CS, C-section
|
cesarean section
|
|
|
D&C
|
dilatation (dilation) and curettage
|
|
|
G
|
gravida (pregnant)
|
|
|
HRT
|
hormone replacement therapy
|
|
|
US
|
ultrasound
|
|
|
IVF
|
in vitro fertilization
|
|
|
LMP
|
last menstrual period
|
|
|
OB-GYN
|
obstetrics and gynecology
|
|
|
Pap
|
Papanicolaou (test)
|
|
|
para 1, 2, 3
|
unipara, bipara, tripara (number of viable births)
|
|
|
PID
|
pelvic inflammatory disease
|
|
|
PIH
|
pregnancy-induced hypertension
|
|
|
TAH
|
total abdominal hysterectomy
|
|
|
TRAM
|
transverse rectus abdominus muscle
|
|
|
TSS
|
toxic shock syndrome
|
|
|
TVH
|
total vaginal hysterectomy
|
|
|
BPH
|
benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign prostatic hypertrophy |
|
|
DRE
|
digital rectal examination
|
|
|
GU
|
genitourinary
|
|
|
PSA
|
prostate-specific antigen
|
|
|
TURP
|
transurethral resection of the prostate
|
|
|
GC
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
HPV
|
human papillomavirus
|
|
|
HSV
|
herpes simplex virus
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
body's ability to maintain a state of equilibrium within its internal environment, regardless of changing conditions in the outside environment
|
|
|
hormone
|
chemical substance produced by specialized cells of the body that works slowly and affects many different processes, including growth and development, sexual function, mood, and metabolism
|
|
|
metabolism
|
sum of all chemical and physical processes occurring within living cells
|
|
|
endocrinology
|
branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of hormone imbalances and diseases that affect the endocrine glands
|
|
|
endocrine disorders include:
|
- diabetes
- thyroid diseases - metabolic disorders - over- or underproduction of hormones - menopause - osteoporosis - hypertension - cholesterol (lipid) disorders - infertility - lack of growth (short stature) - cancers of the endocrine glands |
|
|
The endocrine system consists of
|
a network of ductless glands with a rich blood supply that enables the hormones these glands produce to enter the bloodstream
the hormones influence almost every cell, organ, and function of the body |
|
|
In general, the endocrine system controls body processes that
|
occur slowly, such as cell growth
|
|
|
The endocrine system is also instrumental in
|
regulating mood, growth, and development, tissue function, and metabolism as well as sexual function and reproductive processes
|
|
|
aden/o
|
gland
|
|
|
adenoma
|
tumor composed of glandular tissue
|
|
|
adrenal/o
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
adrenalectomy
|
excision or removal of one or both adrenal glands
|
|
|
adren/o
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
adrenal
|
pertaining to the adrenal glands
|
|
|
calc/o
|
calcium
|
|
|
hypocalcemia
|
deficiency of calcium in the blood
|
|
|
hypo-
|
under, below, deficient
|
|
|
-emia
|
blood condition
|
|
|
gluc/o
|
sugar, sweetness
|
|
|
glucogenesis
|
forming or producing glucose (sugar)
|
|
|
-genesis
|
forming, producing, origin
|
|
|
glyc/o
|
sugar, sweetness
|
|
|
hyperglycemia
|
greater than normal amount of glucose in the blood
blood condition of excessive glucose |
|
|
pancreat/o
|
pancreas
|
|
|
pancreatitis
|
inflammation of the pancreas
|
|
|
parathyroid/o
|
parathyroid glands
|
|
|
parathyroidectomy
|
excision or removal of one or both parathyroid glands
|
|
|
pituitar/o
|
pituitary gland
|
|
|
hypopituitarism
|
condition of inadequate levels of pituitary hormone in the body
|
|
|
thym/o
|
thymus gland
|
|
|
thymoma
|
tumor of the thymus gland
|
|
|
thyr/o
|
thyroid gland
|
|
|
thyromegaly
|
enlargement of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
thyroid/o
|
thyroid gland
|
|
|
thyroidectomy
|
excision of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
toxic/o
|
poison
|
|
|
toxicologist
|
specialist in the study of poisons or toxins
|
|
|
-crine
|
to secrete
|
|
|
endocrine
|
to secrete internally or within
|
|
|
-ism
|
condition
|
|
|
hirsutism
|
condition of excessive hair growth in unusual places, especially in women
|
|
|
hirsut
|
hairy
|
|
|
-toxic
|
poison
|
|
|
thyrotoxic
|
pertaining to toxic activity of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
hyper-
|
excessive, above normal
|
|
|
hyperthyroidism
|
excessive secretion of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
poly-
|
many, much
|
|
|
polydipsia
|
excessive thirst
|
|
|
hypoglycemia
|
blood condition of glucose deficiency
|
|
|
glycogenesis
|
forming, producing, or origin of glycogen
|
|
|
pancreatitis
|
inflammation of the pancreas
|
|
|
pancreatolysis
|
destruction of the pancreas
|
|
|
pancreatopathy
|
disease of the pancreas
|
|
|
thyroiditis
|
inflammation of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
thyromegaly
|
enlargement of the thyroid
|
|
|
parathyroidectomy
|
excision of a parathyroid gland
|
|
|
adrenalectomy
|
removal of the adrenal gland
|
|
|
Addison disease
|
hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex that results in generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, severe loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
|
|
|
Cushing syndrome
|
cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol (glucocorticoid) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood; may be due to the use of oral corticosteroid medication or by tumors that produce cortisol or ACTH
|
|
|
diabetes mellitus (DM)
|
group of metabolic diseases characterized by high glucose levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, action,"", or both and occur in two primary forms: type 1 and type 2
|
|
|
type 1 diabetes
|
abrupt onset of DM, usually in childhood, caused by destruction of beta islet cells of the pancreas with complete deficiency of insulin secretion
|
|
|
type 2 diabetes
|
gradual onset of DM, usually appearing in middle age and caused by a deficiency in production of insulin or a resistance to the action of insulin by the cells of the body
|
|
|
insulinoma
|
tumor of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
|
|
|
panhypopituitarism
|
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
|
|
|
pan-
|
all
|
|
|
pheochromocytoma
|
rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure) and induces severe blood pressure elevation
|
|
|
pituitarism
|
any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
|
|
|
fasting blood glucose (FBG)
|
measures the level of glucose in the blood after a 12-hour fast with increased levels that may indicate DM, diabetic acidosis, or some other disorder and decreased levels that may indicate hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinism, or some other disorder; also called fasting blood sugar (FBS)
|
|
|
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
|
administration of glucose after a 12-hour fast to measure blood glucose levels at regular intervals (usually over a period of 3 hours) and used to diagnose diabetes mellitus with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests
|
|
|
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
|
test that involves oral administration of radioactive iodine (RAI) and measurement of how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from the blood to determine thyroid function
|
|
|
thyroid function test (TFT)
|
blood test that measures thyroid hormone levels to detect an increase or decrease in thyroid function
|
|
|
total calcium
|
blood test that measures calcium to detect parathyroid and bone disorders
|
|
|
adrenalectomy
|
excision of the adrenal gland to remove an adenoma or a carcinoma
|
|
|
lobectomy
|
removal of one lobe in treatment of endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
thymectomy
|
excision of the thymus gland in cases of myasthenia gravis or a tumor
|
|
|
thyroidectomy
|
excision of all or part (one lobe) of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
|
synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone, relieve symptoms of menopause, and prevent osteoporosis in women
|
|
|
insulins
|
replace insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes or severe type 2 diabetes
|
|
|
hypothyroidism
|
thyroid hormone deficiency
|
|
|
hyperthyroidism
|
thyroid hormone overproduction that results in a metabolic imbalance
|
|
|
thyromegaly
|
thyroid gland inflammation and enlargement
|
|
|
cretinism
|
form of hypothyroidism that develops in infants
if left untreated, it leads to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperatures, and abnormal bone formation symptoms usually do not appear at birth because the infant has received thyroid hormones from the mother's blood during fetal development |
|
|
myxedema
|
hypothyroidism that develops during adulthood
characteristics are edema, low blood levels of thyroid hormones, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness recovery may be complete if thyroid hormone is administered soon after symptoms appear |
|
|
Graves disease
|
the most common form of hyperthyroidism
an autoimmune disease that increases production of thyroid hormones, enlarges the thyroid gland, and causes multiple system changes characterized by an elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, emotional instability eyes are also likely to protrude because of edematous swelling in the tissues behind them |
|
|
goiter
|
enlargement of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
exophthalmos
|
protrusion of the eyes often seen in Graves disease
|
|
|
ADH
|
antidiuretic hormone
|
|
|
BS
|
blood sugar
|
|
|
DM
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
FBG
|
fasting blood glucose
|
|
|
FBS
|
fasting blood sugar
|
|
|
GH
|
growth hormone
|
|
|
GTT
|
glucose tolerance test
|
|
|
HRT
|
hormone replacement therapy
|
|
|
IV
|
intravenously
|
|
|
LH
|
luteinizing hormone
|
|
|
PGH
|
pituitary growth hormone
|
|
|
PTH
|
parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
RAIU
|
radioactive iodine uptake
|
|
|
RIA
|
radioimmunoassay
|
|
|
TFT
|
thyroid function test
|
|
|
TSH
|
thyroid-stimulating hormone
|
|
|
aerobic
|
living in oxygen
requires oxygen for respiration |
|
|
anaerobic
|
living without oxygen
does not require oxygen for respiration |
|
|
-trophic
|
nutrition
|
|
|
hypersecretion
|
excessive secretion of a hormone by a gland
|
|
|
ulceration
|
open lesion on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane
|
