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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What fluid systems that support the neurons and glial cells of the nervous system?
a. CSF system b. Vascular system c. Both of the above :) |
C: Both of the above
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2. What are the components of the CSF system?
a. Ventricles, veins, arteries b. Meninges, CSF, veins c. Ventricles, Meninges, CSF d. Meninges, veins, ventricles |
C: Ventricles, Meninges, CSF
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3. What are the components of the vascular system?
a. Veins, arteries, ventricles, venous sinuses b. Arteries, veins, venous sinuses, mechanisms to regulate blood flow c. Veins, venous sinuses, mechanisms to regulate blood flow, ventricles d. Arteries, veins, CSF, ventricles |
B: Arteries, veins, venous sinuses, mechanisms to regulate blood flow
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4. What are the functions of the CSF system?
a. Protects CNS b. Autoregulation of blood flow c. Regulates extracellular environment d. All of the above e. 2 of the above |
E: 2 of the above (A & C)
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5. The CSF is formed in the ventricles by the?
a. Hypothalamus b. Arachnoid villi c. Brachial plexus d. Choroid plexus |
D: Choroid plexus
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6. In what meningeal layer does the CSF circulate?
a. Epidural space b. Subdural space c. Subarachnoid space d. Subthalamic space |
C: Subarachnoid space
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7. The ventricles of the brain include:
a. Lateral (2), third, fourth b. Medial (2), second, third c. Lateral (2), second, third |
A: Lateral (2), third, fourth
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8. Name the 4 parts of the lateral ventricles:
a. Anterior horn, lateral horn, atrium, dorsal horn b. Anterior horn, atrium, dorsal horn, inferior horn c. Anterior horn, lateral horn, posterior horn, inferior horn d. Anterior horn, atrium, posterior horn, inferior horn |
D: Anterior horn, atrium, posterior horn, inferior horn
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9. Which lobes of the cerebrum do the lateral ventricles penetrate?
a. Frontal, temporal, parietal b. temporal, parietal, occipital c. All of them d. None of them |
C: All of them
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10. Which internal structure makes up part of the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles?
a. Caudate b. Globus pallidus c. Putamen d. Thalamus |
A: Caudate
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11. What brain structure lies below the bodies of the lateral ventricles?
a. Caudate b. Globus pallidus c. Putamen d. Thalamus |
D: Thalamus
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12. What opening connects the lateral ventricles to each other and the third ventricle?
a. Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro) b. Interventricular foramina (foramina of Sylvius) c. Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Monro) d. Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) |
A: Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)
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13. The third ventricle lies in the midline of what major brain structure?
a. Cerebellum b. Pons c. Thalamus d. Diencephalon |
D: Diencephalon
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14. What structures make up the walls of the third ventricle?
a. Globus pallidus, putamen b. Thalamus, hypothalamus c. Caudate, thalamus d. Corpus callosum, hypothalamus |
B: Thalamus, hypothalamus
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15. What opening connects the third and fourth ventricles?
a. Interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro) b. Interventricular foramina (foramina of Sylvius) c. Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Monro) d. Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) |
D: Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)
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16. Where does the fourth ventricle lie in relation to the pons?
a. Anterior b. Posterior c. Medial d. Lateral |
B: Posterior
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17. Moving caudally, what structure does the fourth ventricle become?
a. Cerebral aqueduct b. Interventricular foramen c. third ventricle d. Central canal |
D: Central canal
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18. CSF fluid flows into the subarachnoid space via three openings in the fourth ventricle: 2 lateral foramina (foramina of Luschka), and 1 midline opening (foramen of Magendie).
a. True b. False |
A: True
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19. From superficial to deep, what are the 3 layers of meninges?
a. Dura, pia arachnoid b. Arachnoid, pia, dura c. Dura, arachnoid, pia d. Pia, dura, arachnoid |
C: Dura, arachnoid, pia
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20. How are the dural sinuses formed?
a. Openings between the dura and arachnoid b. Openings between 2 layers of dura c. Openings between the dura and skull d. Opening between the dura and pia |
B: Openings between 2 layers of dura
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21. What partition formed by the inner layer of the dura separates the cerebral hemispheres?
a. Falx cerebri b. Falx cerebelli c. Tentrorium cerebelli d. Tentorium cerebri |
A: Falx cerebri
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22. What partition formed by the inner layer of the dura separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?
a. Falx cerebri b. Falx cerebelli c. Tentrorium cerebelli d. Tentorium cerebri |
C: Tentorium cerebelli
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23. The dura attaches to bone, itself, arachnoid and pia.
a. True b. False |
A: True
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24. Where does the arachnoid mater (middle meningeal layer) attach?
a. To the dura b. To the pia c. To the dura and pia d. None of the above |
C: To the dura and pia
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25. The pia mater attaches tightly to the CNS, to the arachnoid through collagen fibers called arachnoid trabeculae, and to the dura via extensions called denticulate ligaments.
a. True b. False |
A: True
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26. A network of capillaries embedded in connective tissue and epithelial cells forms which brain structure?
a. Cerebral plexus b. Blood brain barrier c. Choroid plexus d. Arachnoid villi |
C: Choroid plexus
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27. Filtration of blood, active transport, and facilitated transport of certain substances through 3 layers of cells: capillary wall, connective tissue, & epithelium (choroid plexus) forms what substance?
a. Blood plasma b. CSF c. Venous blood d. Edema |
B: CSF
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28. How is CSF absorbed into the dural sinuses?
a. Through the choroid plexus b. Through the blood brain barrier c. Through arachnoid villi d. Through cerebral veins |
C: Through arachnoid villi
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29. What are the 3 most common disorders of the CSF system?
a. Hemorrhage, concussion, meningitis b. Hematoma, hydrocephalus, meningitis c. Hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, hematoma d. Hydrocephalus, concussion, meningitis |
B: Hematoma, hydrocephalus, meningitis
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30. What is a hematoma in the CNS?
a. Bleeding in the ventricles of the brain causing pressure b. Blockage of CSF fluid causing pressure on brain structures c. Bleeding in the potential spaces of between meningeal layers d. All of the above are correct |
C: Bleeding in the potential spaces between meningeal layers
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31. Where does an epidural hematoma occur?
a. Arterial bleeding in the potential space between the dura and skull b. Arterial bleeding in the potential space between the dura and arachnoid c. Venous bleeding in the potential space between the dura and arachnoid d. Venous bleeding in the potential space between the dura and skull |
A: Arterial bleeding in the potential space between the dura and the skull
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32. What is a common cause of an epidural hematoma?
a. Tearing of the posterior meningeal artery by fracture of temporal and occipital bone b. Tearing of the anterior meningeal artery by fracture of temporal and parietal bone c. Tearing of the middle meningeal artery by fracture of the temporal and parietal bone |
C: Tearing of the middle meningeal artery by fracture of the temporal and parietal bone
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33. Which of the following is NOT a major sign of epidural hematoma? RAPID onset of:
a. Worsening headache b. Vomiting c. Decreasing consciousness, d. Hemiparesis, e. Babinski’s sign. f. All of the above are signs of epidural hematoma |
F: All of the above are signs of epidural hematoma
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34. A subdural hematoma is ARTERIAL bleeding that occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater.
a. True b. False |
B: False (venous not arterial bleeding)
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35. A hematoma can cause compression and displacement of neural tissue from pockets of blood.
a. True b. False |
A: True
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36. What is the cause of primary hydrocephalus?
a. Building up of pressure in subarachnoid space due to CSF blockage b. Building up of pressure in the ventricles due to hemorrhage of deep veins c. Building up of pressure in the subarachnoid space due to hemorrhage of deep veins d. Building up of pressure in the ventricles due to CSF blockage |
D: Building up of pressure in the ventricles due to CSF blockage
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37. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of congenital hydrocephalus?
a. Failure of 4th ventricle foramina to open b. Failure of the 3rd ventricle foramina to open c. Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct d. Cysts in the 4th ventricle e. All of the above are common causes of congenital hydrocephalus |
B: Failure of the 3rd ventricle foramina to open (all causes relate to 4th ventricle)
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38. What are rare causes of hydrocephalus?
a. Leakage of plasma through the blood brain barrier b. Overproduction of CSF c. Inadequate reabsorption of CSF d. All of the above are rare causes of hydrocephalus e. a & b f. b & c |
F: B & C (Overproduction of CSF & Inadequate reabsorption of CSF)
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39. How is progressive hydrocephalus alleviated?
a. Use of a shunt to drain CSF into dural sinuses b. Use of a shunt to drain CSF into peritoneum c. Use of a shunt to drain CSF into Jugular vein d. Currently, there is no way to treat hydrocephalus |
B: Use of a shunt to drain CSF into peritoneum
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40. Inflammation of the meningeal layers is called meningitis.
a. True b. False |
A: True
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41. What are some of the major symptoms of meningitis?
a. Headache b. Fever c. Confusion d. Vomiting e. Stiff neck f. Photophobia (in some cases) g. All of the above |
G: All of the above
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42. What causes meningitis?
a. Bacterial infections b. Viral infections c. Congenital defects d. All of the above e. a & b only |
E: A & B only (Bacterial infections & Viral infections)
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43. Transient ischemic attack:___
a. Neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist more than 1 day and are stable (not improving or getting worse). b. A brief, focal loss of brain function, with full recovery of neurologic deficits within 24 hours. c. Neurologic deficits that increase intermittently over time. |
B: A brief, focal loss of brain function, with full recovery of neurologic deficits within 24 hours
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44. Competed stroke:___.
a. Neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist more than 1 day and are stable (not improving or getting worse). b. A brief, focal loss of brain function, with full recovery of neurologic deficits within 24 hours. c. Neurologic deficits that increase intermittently over time. |
A: Neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist more than 1 day and are stable (not improving or getting worse)
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45. Progressive stroke:___
a. Neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist more than 1 day and are stable (not improving or getting worse). b. A brief, focal loss of brain function, with full recovery of neurologic deficits within 24 hours. c. Neurologic deficits that increase intermittently over time. |
C: Neurologic deficits that increase intermittently over time
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46. What is another name for cerebral vascular accident?
a. Stroke b. Brain attack c. CVA d. all of the above e. a & c only |
D: All of the above
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47. A brain infarction is obstruction and deprivation of blood supply to an area of the brain due to:
a. Head trauma b. Embolus c. Thrombus d. None of the above e. b & c only |
E: B & C only (Embolus & Thrombus)
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48. What percentage of strokes are caused by brain infarction?
a. 80% b. 50% c. 90% d. 75% |
A: 80%
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49. What percentage of strokes affect the middle cerebral artery?
a. 80% b. 50% c. 90% d. 75% |
C: 90%
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50. Small cavities that remain after the necrotic tissue has cleared away following a stroke (usually from occlusions of small deep arteries) are called?
a. Neural infarcts b. Cerebral infarcts c. Necrotic infarcts d. Lacunar infarcts |
D: Lacunar infarcts
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51. What is one cause of secondary hydrocephalus?
a. Subarachnoid hemorrhage b. Blockage of CSF fluid c. Overproduction of CSF fluid d. All of the above e. b &c only |
A: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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52. Occlusion of the vertebral artery will affect primarily which area of the brain?
a. Occipital lobe b. Thalamus c. Brainstem d. Insular lobe |
C: Brainstem
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53. Which motions of the head are likely to cause occlusion of the vertebral artery?
a. Side bending b. Rotation c. Flexion d. Hyperextension e. a & d f. b & d |
F: B & D (Rotation & Hyperextension)
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54. Gait/limb ataxia, limb weakness, oculomotor palsies, oropharyngeal dysfunction, vision loss, double vision, numbness, vertigo, headache, and vomiting are common signs of ischemia due to which artery?
a. Middle cerebral b. Superior cerebellar c. Vertebrobasilar d. Posterior cerebral |
C: Vertebrobasilar
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55. Emboli in which arteries is a common cause of cerebellar infarction?
a. Internal carotid b. Middle cerebral c. Intracranial vertebral d. All of the above |
C: Intracranial vertebral
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56. Complete occlusion of the basilar artery causes?
a. Locked in syndrome b. Ataxia c. Death d. Tetraplegia |
C: Death
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57. Severe partial occlusion of the basilar artery causes?
a. Locked in syndrome b. Ataxia c. Death d. Memory loss |
A: Locked in syndrome
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58. What is the major symptom of cerebellar artery occlusion?
a. Locked in syndrome b. Ataxia c. Death d. Tetraplegia |
B: Ataxia
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59. Personality changes, contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss are associated with occlusion of which arteries?
a. Cortical branches of the anterior cerebral artery b. Deep branches of the middle cerebral artery c. Midbrain branches of the posterior cerebral artery |
A: Cortical branches of the anterior cerebral artery
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60. Lack of blood supply to the deep branches of the anterior cerebral artery, leaving damage to the putamen and frontopontine axons results in which symptoms?
a. Motor dysfunction b. Sensory loss c. Memory loss d. All of the above |
A: Motor dysfunction
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61. Deprivation of blood to the optic radiation (causing hemianopia), and the lateral parts of the sensory motor cortex (causing contralateral hemiplegia & hemisensory loss) are due to occlusion of which arteries?
a. Cortical branches of the anterior cerebral artery b. Deep branches of the middle cerebral artery c. Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery. d. b & c only |
C: Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery
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62. Strokes causing the stereotpypical adduction at the shoulder, flexion at the elbow, and extension throughout the lower limb is associated with occlusion of which artery?
a. Posterior cerebral artery b. Anterior cerebral artery c. Middle cerebral artery d. All of the above |
C: Middle cerebral artery
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63. The site of anastomoses among the distal branches of the cerebral arteries is called the:
a. Toolshed area b. Watershed area c. Bloodshed area d. Woodshed area |
B: Watershed area
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64. Lack of blood to the watershed area causes?
a. Upper limb paresis and paresthesias. b. Lower limb paresis and paresthesias c. Immediate death d. Immediate unconsciousness |
A: Upper limb paresis and paresthesias
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65. The effects of a stroke depend on which 3 factors?
a. Location, location, location b. Etiology (cause), age, location c. Etiology (cause), severity, location d. Etiology (cause), age, severity |
C: Etiology, severity, location
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66. What is an aneurysm? Dilation of the wall of an artery or vein.
a. Rupture of the wall of an artery or vein b. Stiffening of the wall of arteries only c. Weakening of the wall of arteries only d. Dilation of the wall of an artery or vein |
D: Dilation of the wall of an artery or vein
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67. What is a berry aneurysm? A small sac that protrudes from a cerebral artery.
a. A sac like aneurysm that protrudes from cerebral arteries b. A sac like aneurysm that protrudes from cerebral veins c. An aneurysm that you can eat d. An aneurysm that has a very thin connection with a vessel e. a & b f. a & d |
F: A & D (A sac like aneurysm that protrudes from cerebral arteries & An aneurysm that has a very thin connection with a vessel)
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68. Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells that prevent large molecules from entering the CNS make up the...
a. Ependymal cells b. Arachnoid villi c. Blood brain barrier d. None of the above e. a & c only |
C: Blood brain barrier
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69. The blood brain barrier is absent in some parts of the brain?
a. True b. False |
A: True
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70. In leaky regions of the brain (where blood must be contacted, sampled directly, or used to transport secretions), what acts as the barrier to prevent pathogens, drugs and other molecules from entering the CNS?
a. Blood brain barrier b. Chuck Norris c. Arachnoid villi d. Ependymal cells |
D: Ependymal cells
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71. Storage of which metabolic molecule by the CNS is essential to continuous function?
a. Glucose b. Oxygen c. a & b d. the CNS does not store these molecules |
D: The CNS does not store these molecules
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72. Death of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, with a fully functioning brainstem and spinal cord keeping the person alive are characteristic of?
a. Persistent vegetative state. b. Coma c. Brain infarction d. Progressive stroke |
A: Persistent vegetative state
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73. Autoregulation of local blood supply by the cerebral arteries depend upon which factor?
a. Blood pressure b. pH c. CO2 d. Oxygen e. Lactic acid f. All of the above |
F: All of the above
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74. What causes the cerebral arteries to dilate? (498)
a. High blood pressure b. High pH levels c. High levels of CO2 d. High Levels of O2 e. All of the above |
C: High levels of CO2
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75. What causes the cerebral arteries to constrict? (498)
a. High blood pressure b. Low CO2 levels c. High O2 levels d. Low lactic acid levels e. All of the above |
E: All of the above
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76. What is the mechanism behind accumulation of excess fluid from tissue on the brain (cerebral edema)?
a. Leakage of CSF fluid b. Blockage of CSF fluid in the ventricles c. Leakage of damaged capillaries d. Thrombus e. All of the above |
C: Leakage of damaged capillaries
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77. The Brainstem requires more oxygen than the cerebral cortex.
a. True b. False |
B: False
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78. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cerebral edema?
a. High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage c. Cardiac arrest d. Concussion |
B: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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79. Uncal herniation involves a space occupying lesion pushing the uncus in which direction?
a. Superiorly b. Inferiorly c. Medially d. Laterally |
C: Medially
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80. Central herniation involves a space occupying lesion pushing the diencephalon, pons, and midbrain in which direction?
a. Superior b. Inferiorly c. Medially d. Laterally |
B: Inferiorly
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81. The forcing of small parts of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum (which interferes with vital signs, consciousness, and flow of CSF) is called?
a. Central herniation b. Uncal herniation c. Vermis herniation d. Tonsillar herniation |
D: Tonsillar herniation
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82. A computer-generated image based on metabolism of injected radioactively labeled substances is called?
a. Angiography b. Computed tomography scan c. Magnetic resonance imaging d. Positron emission tomography scan |
D: Positron emission tomography scan
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83. Radiopaque dye injected into carotid or vertebral artery followed by a sequence of x-rays is termed?
a. Angiography b. Computed tomography scan c. Magnetic resonance imaging d. Positron emission tomography scan |
A: Angiography
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84. Which type of imaging is best used for viewing variations in blood flow and neural activity?
a. Angiography b. Computed tomography scan c. Magnetic resonance imaging d. Positron emission tomography scan |
D: Positron emission tomography scan
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85. Which type of imaging is best used for viewing aneurysms, occlusions, and malformations of the arteriovenous system?
a. Angiography b. Computed tomography scan c. Magnetic resonance imaging d. Positron emission tomography scan |
A: Angiography
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86. What is the major venous system of the brain?
a. Dural veins b. Cerebral veins c. Radicular veins d. Internal venous plexus |
B: Cerebral veins
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87. What 2 sets of veins drain the cerebrum?
a. Superficial & deep b. Internal & external c. Medial & lateral d. Recurrent & inferior |
A: Superficial & deep
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88. Which veins drain the cerebral cortex and adjacent white matter (drain into the superior sagittal sinus)?
a. Internal cerebral b. Lateral cerebral c. Superficial d. Deep |
C: Superficial
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89. Which veins drain the basal ganglia, diencephalon, and adjacent white matter(drain into the straight sinus)?
a. Internal cerebral b. Lateral cerebral c. Superficial d. Deep |
D: Deep
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90. The sagittal sinuses (superior & inferior) and straight sinuses meet at the?
a. Junction of sinuses b. Confluence of sinuses c. Common dural sinus |
B: Confluence of sinuses
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