Psycology Vocab Chapter 9

Front 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience.

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.

Back 2

behaviorism

Front 3

A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Back 3

conditioning

Front 4

The classical conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Back 4

unconditioned stimulus(US)

Front 5

The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Back 5

unconditioned response(UR)

Front 6

The classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 6

conditioned stimulus(CS)

Front 7

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 7

conditioned response(CR)

Front 8

The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.

Back 8

classical conditioning

Front 9

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 9

extinction

Front 10

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Back 10

spontaneous recovery

Front 11

In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Back 11

high-order conditioning

Front 12

After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS eli9cits the CR.

Back 12

stimulus generalization

Front 13

The t3endency to rspond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR.

Back 13

stimulus descrimination

Front 14

In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Back 14

counterconditioning

Front 15

The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Back 15

operant conditioning

Front 16

The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Back 16

reinforcement

Front 17

the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.

Back 17

punishment

Front 18

A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food.

Back 18

primary reinforcer

Front 19

A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock.

Back 19

primary punisher

Front 20

A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.

Back 20

secondary reinforcer

Front 21

The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Back 21

reinforcement

Front 22

the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.

Back 22

punishment

Front 23

A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food.

Back 23

primary reinforcer

Front 24

A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock.

Back 24

primary punisher

Front 25

A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.

Back 25

secondary reinforcer

Front 26

A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers.

Back 26

secondary punisher

Front 27

A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Back 27

positive reinforcement

Front 28

A reinforcement procedure in which a response is follow3ed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Back 28

negative reinforcement

Front 29

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Back 29

extinction

Front 30

In operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced(or punished) in the presence of one stimulus to occur(or be suppressed) in the presence of other similar stimuli.

Back 30

stimulus generalization

Front 31

In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of other, similar stimuli that differ from in on some dimension.

Back 31

stimulus discrimination

Front 32

A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Back 32

descriminative stimulus

Front 33

A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforces.

Back 33

continuous reinforcement

Front 34

A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.

Back 34

intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement

Front 35

An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Back 35

shaping

Front 36

In the procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response.

Back 36

successive approximations

Front 37

During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior.

Back 37

instinctive drift

Front 38

The application of conditioning techniques to teach new response or to reduce or eliminate problematic behavior.

Back 38

behavior modification

Front 39

Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as money, prizes, and praise.

Back 39

extrinsic reinforcers

Front 40

Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of accomplishment.

Back 40

intrinsic reinforcers

Front 41

A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement.

Back 41

latent learning

Front 42

Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs.

Back 42

social-cognitive theories

Front 43

A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another (a model) rather than through direct experience; sometimes called vicarious conditioning.

Back 43

observational learning