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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Psychology
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The study of physiological, evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience
Diathesis: Inherited tendency to express traits/behaviors Stress: Life events or contextual variables |
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Hindbrain
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Medulla—Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
Pons—Regulates sleep stages Cerebellum—Physical coordination |
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Midbrain
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Coordinates movement with sensory input
Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Thalamus and hypothalamus
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Relays between brain stem and forebrain
Behavioral and emotional regulation |
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Limbic system
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Emotions, basic drives, impulse control
Associated structures and psychopathology Amygdala role with phobias |
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Frontal Lobe
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Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory
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Temporal Lobe
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Sight and sound recognition, long-term memory storage
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Parietal Lobe
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Touch recognition
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Occipital Lobe
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Integrates visual input
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Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
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activation or arousal function (fight or flight)
Increase breathing and HR – constrict blood vessels Decrease digestive activity Dilate pupils |
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Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
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slows down the body; maintains a state of internal equilibrium
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Homeostasis
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a delicately balanced or steady internal state
Contracts pupils, slows HR and breathing Stimulates digestion |
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Psychodynamic Approaches
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Suggest that all behavior, thoughts, and emotions, whether normal or abnormal, are influenced to a large extent by unconscious processes
Includes psychoanalysis and several newer approaches |
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Key Figures of Psychoanalytic
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Freud
Jung Adler Horney Fromm Erickson |
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Psychoanalytic Contributions
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Unconscious processes
Emotions triggered by cues “Therapeutic alliance” Defense mechanisms |
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Humanistic Theory
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Based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life
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Key Figures for Humanism
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Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) |
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Person-centered therapy (1951)
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Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
communicates a genuineness in his or her role as helper to the client, acting as an authentic person rather than an authority figure shows unconditional positive regard for the client communicates an empathic understanding of the client’s underlying feelings and search for self |
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Hierarchy of Needs
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Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
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Carl Jung (1875-1961)
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Collective unconscious
Enduring personality traits Introversion vs. extroversion |
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Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
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Birth order
Inferiority complex Striving for superiority Self-actualization |
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The Beahvioral Model
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Classical
Operant Modeling |
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Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
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Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) |
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John B. Watson (1878–1958)
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Behaviorist
Scientific emphasis Objective “Little Albert” experiment |
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Mary Cover Jones
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Behaviorist
Preexisting phobia extinguished by exposure and modeling |
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Joseph Wolpe (1915–1997)
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Behaviorist
Systematic desensitization Relaxation Hierarchy of fear Example |
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E.L. Thorndike (1874–1949)
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Law of effect: consequences shape behavior
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B.F. Skinner (1904–1990)
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Reinforcements
Punishments (+ and – ) Role of escape in anxiety |
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Aaron Beck
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The cognitive model
Distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences the patients mood and behavior, is common to psychological disturbances. Realistic evaluation and modification of thinking produce an improvement in mood and behavior. Enduring improvements results from modification of the patient’s underlying dysfunctional beliefs |
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Albert Ellis
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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Arnold Lazarus
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Multimodal Therapy
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David Burns
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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Eliciting Stimuli (The Cognitive Model)
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Stimuli that trigger cognitive appraisals and emotional responses
Internal, External, Learning |
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Cognitive Appraisals
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the interpretations and meanings that we attach to stimuli
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Automatic Thoughts
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A reflexive-like cognition that comes to mind when presented with a piece of information
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Emotion (The Cognitive Model) Definition
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feeling (and affective) states that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions to events
(+ or -) |
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Safety Behaviors
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a reaction to an experienced emotion that has a goal of managing that emotion
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Assessment
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the process of gathering information about people’s symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms. Information gathered in an assessment is used to determine the appropriate diagnosis for a person’s problems.
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Diagnosis
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a label for a set of symptoms that often occur together.
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Reliability
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Measurement consistency
Test-retest Alternate Form Internal Interrater or Interjudge |
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Validity
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Measurement of accuracy
Face Content Concurrent Predictive Construct |
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Clinical Interview
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Detailed history
Attitudes, emotions and beliefs Medical Substance use/abuse Presenting problem Treatment history |
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Mental Status Exam
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Appearance and Behavior
Thought processes Mood and affect Intellectual functioning Sensory/perceptions |
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Symptom Questionnaires
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These questionnaires may cover a wide variety of symptoms, representing several different disorders
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) |
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Personality Inventories
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Questionnaires meant to assess people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Rational-theoretical approach: items are based on a theory of personality Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory- III (MCMI) Empirical approach: each item has been answered differently by groups of people known to differ in the personality characteristic of interest The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - II (MMPI) |
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MMPI
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
567 items (MMPI-2),True/false responses Extensive normative data Widely used and frequently used in forensic settings 10 Scales |
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Scales
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1)Hypochondriasis: Somatization of stress, somatic complaints, health problems
2)Depression: Lack of hope, pessimism, lacks energy, guilty, lacks self-confidence 3)Hysteria: Attention seeking – not a quiet sufferer, high somatic complaints 4)Psychopathic-deviate: Antisocial behavior, trouble with the law, rebellious towards authority 5)Masculinity – femininity: Endorsement of “traditional” gender roles 6)Paranoia: Suspiciousness, excessive sensitivity, possible delusions, ideas of reference 7)Psychasthenia: Psychological turmoil, anxiety, tension, OCD symptoms 8)Schizophrenia: Thought disorder, thought disorganization, possible hallucinations 9)Mania: Excessive energy, impulsivity, symptoms of mania 0)Social introversion: Introversion – extroversion |
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Projective Tests
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Based on the assumption that, when people are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, such as an oddly shaped inkblot or a captionless picture, they will interpret the stimulus in line with their current concerns and feelings, their relationships with others, and conflicts or desires.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Subject is instructed to write a story about what is happening in an ambiguous picture
10-20 pictures Analyzed for recurrent themes Relationships to others, conception of the world, nature of anxieties, superego structure, ego strength, significant conflicts |
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Intelligence Testing History
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Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon (1905)
Lewis Terman of Stanford University (1916) Stanford-Binet IQ |
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Intelligence quotient (“IQ”)
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Predicts: Academic performance, success in educational system, occupational performance, achievement
Identification of cognitive strengths and weaknesses Performance compared to same-aged peers |
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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Verbal Comprehension
Perceptual Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed Full Scale IQ |
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Intelligent Theorists
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Binet
Simon Spearman Wechsler Sternberg |
