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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
adaptational failure
Failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones.
attachment
The process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant care givers. This process is ongoing

-beginning between 6 and 12 months of age

-provides infants with a secure, consistent base from which to explore and learn about their worlds.
behavioral genetics
A branch of genetics that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior.
brain circuits
Paths made up of clustering neurons that connect one part of the brain to another.
continuity of development
-normal and abnormal developmental changes are GRADUAL and QUANTITATIVE

-development is an additive process that is ongoing rather

-NOT in distinct stages
cortisol
A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
developmental psychopathology
-study of disorders that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks

-This approach uses abnormal development to inform normal development and vice versa
discontinuity of development
-normal and abnormal developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative

-Discontinuity theorists, such as Piaget and Erickson, argue that children pass through developmental stages that are qualitatively different from each other.
emotion reactivity
-individual differences in the threshold and intensity
emotion regulation
The processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning.
epinephrine
A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is released into the bloodstream in response to stress in order to energize and prepare the body for a possible threat. This hormone is also known as adrenaline.
etiology
The study of the causes of disorders. With respect to childhood disorders, etiology considers how biological, psychological, and environmental processes interact.
family systems
Theory that the behavior of an individual can be most accurately understood in the context of the dynamics of his or her family.
frontal lobes
Four areas of each cerebral hemisphere

-thinking
-reasoning abilities
-memory
health promotion
An approach to the prevention of disease that involves education, public policy, and similar actions to promote health.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
-A regulatory system made up of the hypothalamus control center and the pituitary and adrenal glands

-stress and regulation of emotions
interdependent
Applies to the assumption that abnormal child behavior is determined by both the child and his or her environment, and that these two factors are interconnected (also see transaction).
macroparadigm
A broad philosophical framework that combines several approaches to the study of a phenomenon.
molecular genetics
-association between variations in DNA sequences and variations in particular trait(s).

More than an association, variations in genetic sequences are thought to cause the variations in the trait(s).

-These methods offer more direct support for genetic influences on child psychopathology.
neural plasticity
-malleable nature of the brain

-Although infants are born with basic brain processes, experience leads to anatomical differentiation. That is, certain synapses of the brain are strengthened and stabilized, while others regress and disappear.
nonshared environment
-subtype of environmental influences
-environmental factors that produce behavioral differences among siblings in the same family.

Nonshared environmental influence can be estimated and is calculated by subtracting the MZ twin correlation from 1.0.
organization of development
-early patterns of adaptation evolve over time and transform into higher-order functions in a structured manner

-For instance, infant eye contact and speech sounds evolve and transform into speech and language
sensitive periods
Windows of time during which environmental influences on development (both good and bad) are heightened, thus providing enhanced opportunities to learn.
shared environment
A subtype of environmental influences that refers to the environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings in the same family.

-If siblings are more similar than expected from only their shared genetics, this implies an effect of the environment both siblings share, such as being exposed to marital conflict or poverty, or being parented in a similar manner.
social cognition
A construct to describe how people think about themselves in relation to others

-they interpret ambiguous events and solve problems
social learning
-study of behavior that is interested in both overt behaviors and possible cognitive mediators that may influence such behaviors directly or indirectly.
temperament
-The child's innate reactivity and self-regulation

-emotions
-activity level
-attention

-child's organized style of behavior that appears early in development, such as fussiness or fearfulness, which shapes the child's approach to his or her environment and vice versa.
transaction
The process by which the subject and environment interact in a dynamic fashion to contribute to the expression of a disorder (also see interdependent).