Psychopathology Exam I

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echopraxia

Back 1

repetitive imitation of another person's movements

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psychomotor agitation

Back 2

nonproductive motor activity usually associated with feelings of tension (e.g. pacing)

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tic

Back 3

involuntary motor movement

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compulsion

Back 4

repeated, stereotyped, overtly senseless action or ritual, which is performed to prevent anxiety

can be overt behavior or covert mental acts

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poverty of speech

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striking lack of speech, such that replies to questions are brief; some questions are not answered at all

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pressured speech

Back 6

rapid speech that cannot be interrupted

CARDINAL SIGN OF MANIA

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speech latency

Back 7

delay in responding and initiating speech that is common in DEPRESSED patients

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blocking

Back 8

a person's train of thought abruptly and unexpectedly stops

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clang association

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association of words similar in sound but not in meaning; the words have no logical connection (e.g. ding, dong, dell...)

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circumstantial

Back 10

patient gives a roundabout answer with unnecessary information but does return to the original question

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concrete

Back 11

patient lacks the ability to think abstractly, metaphorically, or hypothetically; ideas and words limited to single meaning

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echolalia

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meaningless, persistent, verbal repetition of words or sounds heard by the patient

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flight of ideas

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patient races from one thought to the next

thought processes often speed along faster than the patient's speech can keep up

commonly seen in MANIA

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goal-oriented

Back 14

patient will answer in a straightforward manner that is easily followed by the interviewer

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incoherence

Back 15

general term to describe incomprehensible speech arising from any kind of psychopathological thinking

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loose associations

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speech patterns characterized by leaps from subject to subject without clear connections e.g. school is fun, i love earlobes

usually schizophrenia or delirium

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perseveration

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repeated behaviors, mannerisms, or patterns of speech

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psychosis

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mental state in which the person is unable to distinguish reality from fantasy

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reality testing

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intact reality testing means the patient has the ability to distinguish reality from fantasy

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tangential

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patient's thoughts veer off into unrelated areas without reference to the original idea or question

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word salad

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an apparently random and illogical mixture of words and sounds

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anhedonia

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a mood in which there is a pervasive inability to perceive and experience pleasure in actions and event that are normally pleasurable or satisfying for the individual or most individuals

often associated with DEPRESSION

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anxious mood

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feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger, which may be an internal or external

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alexithymia

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difficulty being aware of or describing one's emotions

very common with ANOREXIA

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depressed mood

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feeling of sadness

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dysphoric mood

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unpleasant mood

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elevated mood

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mood more cheerful than normal, not necessarily pathological

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euthymic mood

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normal range of mood

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expansive mood

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expression of one's feelings without restraint, frequently with an overestimation of one's significance or importance

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euphoric mood

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exaggerated feeling of well-being, considered pathological

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irritable mood

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easily annoyed and provoked to anger

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broad affect

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normal range of affect

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constricted affect

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reduction in emotional expression that is not as severe as blunted affect

e.g. in mild anxiety disorder or depression

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blunted affect

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severe reduction in emotional expression

e.g. in more severe depressive episode

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flat affect

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almost no emotional expression at all; the patient typically has an immobile face and monotonous voice

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inappropriate affect

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affect that is clearly discordant with the content of the patient's speech, e.g patient giggles while talking about his father's death

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labile

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rapid and abrupt changes in emotional expression

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delusions

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fixed, blatantly false convictions deduced from incorrect inferences about external reality; maintained despite enormous, obvious, incontrovertible proof to the contrary

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bizarre delusion

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delusion that is absurd and totally implausible

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grandiose delusions

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involve an exaggerated sense of one's own importance, power, ability, or identity, e.g. I am Christ

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jealousy delusions

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involve suspicious about one's sex partner being unfaithful

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persecutory delusions

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person is convinced others are trying to harm, attack, or conspire against him or her

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reference delusions

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beliefs that external events or people are sending messages or commands of great personal importance to the patient e.g. in the movie "A Beautiful Mind"

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somatic delusions

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pertain to patient's body and are not consistent with cultural beliefs or with physiology or medicine, e.g. "my brain is turning black"

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hallucinations

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false perceptions in the senses -- hearing, seeing, touching, tasting, and smelling -- based on no external reality

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auditory hallucinations

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false perceptions of sound, usually voices

e.g. schizophrenia

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gustatory hallucinations

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false perceptions of taste

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olfactory hallucinations

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false perceptions of smell

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somatic hallucinations

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false perceptions of a physical experience inside the body

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tactile hallucinations

Back 50

false perceptions of touch

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visual hallucinations

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false perceptions of sight

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homicidal ideation

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thoughts of killing other people

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ideas of reference

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overvalued ideas in which the patient is virutually, but not totally, convinced that objects, people, or events in his immediate environment have person significance for him (think of it like a mild version of reference delusion)

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illusions

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misperceptions of real external stimuli

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magical thinking

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person believes his words, thoughts, feelings, or actions will produce or prevent a specific outcome

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mood-congruent

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delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with the patient's dominant mood

e.g. depression - my bladder is decaying
mania- I am Jesus Christ

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mood-incongruent

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delusions or hallucinations that are inconsistent with the patient's dominant mood

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obsessions

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repetitive and highly distressing ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images

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overvalued ideas

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unreasonable and persistent beliefs that are held with less than delusional intensity

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paranoid ideation

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an overvalued idea that one is being persecuted

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phobia

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persistent and exaggerated fear of some specific type of stimulus or situation

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suicidal ideation

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refers to thoughts of suicide, these may range from passive thoughts to active rumination

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distractibility

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inability to focus attention

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hypervigilance

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excessive attention and focus on all internal and external stimuli, e.g. in PTSD