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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of model is used in psychopathology?
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Integrative. Considers social, psychological, biological factors. All factors affect eachother
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What are genes?
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Molecules of DNA
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What are chromosomes?
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Arrangements of DNA from father/mother. 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes
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How do genes exert their effects on development?
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Via the synthesis of new proteins
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True or false: One gene produces one effect
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False. More likely a polygenic influence - little bit of each gene summates into one result
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True of false: The environment does not change genes.
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False. The environment can turn on or suppress certain genes
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What is the estimate for heritability influence?
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50%
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True or false: Chaotic life events can completely alter genes
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True. E.g. of being raise in dysfunctional family
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Explain the Diathesis-Stress Model.
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The Diathesis is the genetic vulnerability. The stress is any sort negative life event. Together they can produce the disorder. E.g. of study with long and short alleles and children getting depression after maltreatment. Long alleles less chance even though maltreatment too
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Explain the Reciprocal Gene- Environment Model
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Influence is bidirectional. Genes can predispose people to act certain ways and produce certain stressors this way. These stressors can then cause a disorder
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Explain the concept of "nongenomic" inheritance of behavior
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e.g. study of rats born to stressed vs. calm mother. If offspring of stressed mother placed with calm mother, they would become calm themselves too. This is example of epigenetics (genetic material turned on/off by material outside)
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What are agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists?
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agonist: chemical the mimic neurotransmitters
antagonists: chemical that blocks receptor inverse agonist: chemical that mimics but produces opposite response |
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What are the classic neurotransmitters?
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Monoamine (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) and amino acids (glutamate, GABA)
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Distinguish the roles of glutamate and GABA
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glutamate: excitatory neuro
GABA: inhibitory neuro |
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What is the role of serotonin?
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Moderates our reactions, keeps even tempered. Low levels mean less inhibition
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What is the role of norepinephrine?
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Involved in how we react to alarm. Not directly linked to a specific disorder itself
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What is the role of dopamine?
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Linked with schizo, depression and ADHD. General influence. Associated with happy moods. It is a "switch" that turns on other circuits.
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What is an alternative to drugs and surgery?
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Behavior Therapy (e.g. ERP for OCD)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: "Top down treatment" challenged negative thinking patterns |
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What is learned helplessness?
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in animals, given adverse stimulus and can't do anything. Won't do anything later even when they can. Relates to humans and depression.
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Explain the concept of modelling/observational learning.
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Bandura. Look at experience of others and infer what would happen to us in that situation.
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What is "prepared learning"?
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Evolutionary theory that we are "primed" to fear certain things, e.g. snakes, spiders, poison
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What is implicit memory?
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Memory that is in our mind but we are unable to consciously talk about it
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What is rational emotive therapy?
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Focuses on irrational beliefs and changing these
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What is the flight/fright response?
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An alarm reaction, surge of adrenaline, want self-preservation. Activates cardiovascular system (higher blood pressure, faster breathing, pupils dilate, hearing acute, digestive rest, etc.)
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What is emotion?
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Action tendency to behave a certain way from an external event and a feeling state (three parts: behavior, physiology, cognition)
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What is mood?
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A more persistent emotion
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What is "Affect"?
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Emotion associated with what say or do
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What we fear is based heavily on our ______
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culture
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How do social relationships influence mental health?
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Greater number of social relationships and contact, better health
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What is interpersonal psychotherapy?
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Treatment that focuses on social and personal problems. Often transition, conflict, death or lack of connections
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What is the concept of "use it or lose it" and how does it relate to brain structure in the context of psychopathology?
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Refers to the importance of continued stimulation of the brain even when one gets older. Preserves brain structure - healthier brain, not as much risk for mental health disease
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What is the equifinality?
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the importance of considering multiple paths to one given outcome.
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