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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Learning
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli as in classical conditioning or a response and its consequences as in operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which an organism come to associate stimuli; a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus;Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Acquisition
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Unconditioned response
The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salivation when food is in the mouth
Unconditioned response
A stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response
Conditioned response
The learned response to a preciously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Biological influences
Genetic predispositions; unconditioned responses; adaptive responses
Psychological influences
Previous experiences; predictability of associations; generalizations; discrimination
Social-cultural influences
Culturally learned preferences; motivation; affected by the presence of others
Ivan Pavlov
The psychologist closely tied to classical conditioning
B.F. Skinner
The psychologist closely tied to operant conditioning
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Operant chamber
A chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain A food or water reinforcer, with attached devises to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Reinforcer
Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that when removed after a response, the response is strengthened
Primary reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Variable-ratio schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-interval schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable-interval schedule
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Observational learning
Learning by observing others