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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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Associative learning
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Learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli as in classical conditioning or a response and its consequences as in operant conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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A type of learning in which an organism come to associate stimuli; a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus;Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
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Behaviorism
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the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
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Acquisition
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The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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Unconditioned response
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The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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Unconditioned response
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A stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response
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Conditioned response
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The learned response to a preciously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
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Conditioned stimulus
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An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
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Extinction
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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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Spontaneous recovery
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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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Generalization
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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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Discrimination
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The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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Biological influences
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Genetic predispositions; unconditioned responses; adaptive responses
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Psychological influences
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Previous experiences; predictability of associations; generalizations; discrimination
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Social-cultural influences
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Culturally learned preferences; motivation; affected by the presence of others
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Ivan Pavlov
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The psychologist closely tied to classical conditioning
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B.F. Skinner
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The psychologist closely tied to operant conditioning
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Respondent behavior
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Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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Operant conditioning
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Operant behavior
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Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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Operant chamber
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A chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain A food or water reinforcer, with attached devises to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research
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Shaping
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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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Reinforcer
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Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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Positive reinforcement
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Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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Negative reinforcement
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Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that when removed after a response, the response is strengthened
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Primary reinforcer
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An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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Conditioned reinforcer
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer
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Continuous reinforcement
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Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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Fixed-ratio schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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Variable-ratio schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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Fixed-interval schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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Variable-interval schedule
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A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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Punishment
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An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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Cognitive map
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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
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Latent learning
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Intrinsic motivation
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A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
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Extrinsic motivation
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A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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Observational learning
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Learning by observing others
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