Psychology Unit 3

Front 1

LEARNING

Back 1

CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR BASED ON EXPERIENCE

Front 2

CONDITIONED LEARNING

Back 2

LEARNING BASED UPON BEHAVIORIST EXPERIENCE: STIMULUS AND RESPONSE/ REWARD AND PUNISHMENT

Front 3

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Back 3

LEARNING BASED UPON COGNITIVE EXPERIENCE: OBSERVATION, INSIGHT, PROBLEM-SOLVING

Front 4

IVAN PAVLOV

Back 4

FOUNDER OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Front 5

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Back 5

CONDITIONING INVOLVING A PASSIVE LEARNING OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STIMULI, THAT 1 STIMULUS WILL BE FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER

Front 6

NEUTRAL STIMULUS

Back 6

STIMULUS THAT PRODUCES NO SPECIFIC RESPONSE, AND THAT WHEN PAIRED WITH AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS, WILL PRODUCE A CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Front 7

REFLEXIVE BEHAVIOR

Back 7

INVOLUNTARY RESPONSES THAT AUTOMATICALLY FOLLOW ONE TYPE OF STIMULUS

Front 8

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

Back 8

STIMULUS THAT NATURALLY EVOKES A SPECIFIC RESPONSE

Front 9

CONDITIONED STIMULUS

Back 9

ORIGINALLY NEUTRAL STIMULUS THAT PRODUCES CONDITIONED RESPONSE AFTER REPEATED PAIRING WITH UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

Front 10

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

Back 10

RESPONSE OCCURRING WHENEVER UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS APPEARS

Front 11

ACQUISITION

Back 11

PHASE OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING DURING WHICH REPEATED PAIRINGS LEAD TO A CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Front 12

EXTINCTION

Back 12

PROCESS BY WHICH LEARNED BEHAVIORSCEASE TO BE REINFORCED AND REDUCE IN FREQUENCY

Front 13

SECOND-ORDER CONDITIONING

Back 13

LEARNING IN WHICH A STIMULUS IS MADE MEANINGFUL, AND THEN THAT STIMULUS IS USED AS A BASIS FOR LEARNING ABOUT SOME NEW STIMULUS

Front 14

GENERALIZATION

Back 14

PHENOMENON OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN WHICH STIMULI SIMILAR TO BUIT NOT IDENTICAL TO THE CONDITIONED STIMULUS WILL STILL EVOKE THE CONDITIONED RESPONSE

Front 15

CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

Back 15

PHENOMENON IS WHICH A SINGLE EXPOSURE TO A TOXIC OR AVERSIVE TASTE PRODUCES A CONDITIONED AVERSION THAT IS NOT EXTINGUISHED

Front 16

PHOBIAS

Back 16

INTENSE AND PERSISTENT DESIRE TO AVOID A CERTAIN STIMULUS, OFTEN PRODUCED CLASSICALLY

Front 17

EDWARD THORNDIKE

Back 17

PSYCHOLOGIST WHO POSITED THE LAW OF EFFECT, THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR OPERANT CONDITIONING

Front 18

LAW OF EFFECT

Back 18

THORNDIKE'S THEORY THAT IF A RESPONSE MADE IN THE PRESENCE OF A SPECIFIC STIMULUS IS FOLLOWED BY SATISFACTION, THE RESPONSE IS MORE LIKELY TO REOCCUR

Front 19

B.F. SKINNER

Back 19

FOUNDER OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

Front 20

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Back 20

CONDITIONING IN WHICH LEARNER IS AN ACTIVE LEARNER OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ONE'S ACTIONS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

Front 21

OPERANT

Back 21

RESPONSE THAT HAS SOME EFFECT UPON THE ENVIRONMENT

Front 22

REINFORCER

Back 22

STIMULUS THAT INCREASES PROBABILITY THAT OPERANT BEHAVIOR WILL REOCCUR

Front 23

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Back 23

REINFORCEMENT THAT STRENGTHENS RESPONSE BY PROVIDING GRATIFICATION

Front 24

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Back 24

REINFORCEMENT THAT STRENGTHENS RESPONSE BY REMOVING SOMETHING AVERSIve

Front 25

ESCAPE TRAINING

Back 25

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN WHICH ORGANISM LEARNS THE RESPONSES THAT REMOVE AVERSIVE STIMULI

Front 26

AVOIDANCE TRAINING

Back 26

COMBINATION OF CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING IN WHICH ORGANIZM LEARNS RESPONSES THAT PREVENT AVERSIVE STIMULI;

Front 27

SHAPING

Back 27

REINFORCING ACTS THAT COME SUCCESSIVELY CLOSER TO DESIRED RESPONSE

Front 28

SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION

Back 28

BASIC TOOL OF SHAPING, IN WHICH COMPLEX BEHAVIOR IS LEARNED BY REWARDING EVERY ACT THAT COMES CLOSER TO THE DESIRED RESPONSE

Front 29

PRIMARY REINFORCER

Back 29

INNATELY REWARDING REINFORCER

Front 30

SECONDARY REINFORCER

Back 30

REINFORCEMENT THAT IS LEARNED

Front 31

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

Back 31

REINFORCEMENT THAT OCCURS EVERY TIME DESIRED RESPONSE IS MADE

Front 32

PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT

Back 32

REINFFORCEMENT THAT OCCURS ACCORDING TO SOME SCHEDULE RATHER THAN EVERY TIME DESIRED RESPONSE IS MADE

Front 33

RATIO SCHEDULES

Back 33

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES BASED UPON NUMBER OF RESPONSES

Front 34

INTERVAL SCHEDULES

Back 34

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES BASED UPON INTERVAL BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT

Front 35

FIXED SCHEDULE

Back 35

REINFORCEMENT FOLLOWING A FIXED NUMBER OF RESPONSES OR INTERVALS

Front 36

VARIABLE SCHEDULE

Back 36

REINFORCEMENT FOLLOWING NUMBER OF RESPONSES OR INTERVALS THAT VARY

Front 37

INSIGHT

Back 37

PERCEPTION OF HIDDEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACTORS

Front 38

KOHLER

Back 38

PSYCHOLOGIST WHOSE CHIMP EXPERIMENTS SUGGESTED THE PRESENCE OF COGNITIVE INSIGHT IN SUB-HUMANS

Front 39

COGNITIVE MAP

Back 39

TYPE OF MENTAL PROCESSING BY WHICH ORGANISM CAN STORE & RECALL INFORMATION ABOUT LOCATION AND ATTRIBUTES OF PHENOMENA

Front 40

TOLMAN

Back 40

PSYCHOLOGIST WHO DEMONSTRATED THE PRESENCE OF COGNITIVE MAPPING AMONG SUBHUMANS

Front 41

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

Back 41

FORM OF CONDITIONING IN WHICH INDIVIDUAL LEARNS TO BEHAVE HELPLESSLY EVEN WHEN ABLE TO AVOID AVERSIVE STIMULI, APPLICABLE TO HUMAN DEPRESSION

Front 42

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Back 42

COGNITIVE AREA PIONEERED BY BANDURA, IN WHICH THE INDIVUDUAL LEARNS BEHAVIOR BY WATCHING,. STORING, AND REPLICATING OBSERVED BEHAVIOR

Front 43

ALBERT BANDURA

Back 43

PSYCHOLOGIST WHO PERFORMED PIONEERING WORK IN OBSERVAITONAL LEARNING

Front 44

BIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS

Back 44

LIMITS TO CONDITIONED AND COGNITIVE LEARNING PRODUCED BY SOME ASPECT OF BIOLOGY OR EVOLUTION

Front 45

GARCIA EFFECT

Back 45

AKA CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION

Front 46

INSTINCTUAL DRIFT

Back 46

PHENOMENA IN WHICH ORGANISM'S INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR PRECLUDES CONDITIONING

Front 47

SENSATION

Back 47

PROCESS OF GAINING INFO ABOUT EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PHENOMENA BY DETECTING FORMS OF ENERGY AND CONVERTING THEM TO NEURAL IMPULSES

Front 48

RETINA

Back 48

SENSITIVE EYE TISSUE WHICH ACTS AS 'FILM' AND SENDS IMAGES TO THE VISUAL CENTERS OF THE BRAIN

Front 49

PERCEPTION

Back 49

HIGHER PROCESS OF FILTERING, INTERPRETING, AND ORGANIZING THE DATA PROVIDED BY SENSATION, AND ALLOW ORGANISM TO PERCEIVE WHAT AND WHERE AN OBJECT IS

Front 50

GESTALT

Back 50

CRUCIAL CHARACTERIASTIC OF PERCEPTION IN WHICH THE WHOLE IS PERCEIVED AS SOMETHING GREATER THAN JUST THE INDIVIDUAL PARTS

Front 51

PERCEPTUAL SEGREGATION

Back 51

ABILITY TO SEE SEPARATE FORMS--EVEN WHEN INCOMPLETE--WITHIN A GIVEN WHOLE

Front 52

PHI PHENOMENON

Back 52

FORM OF GESTALT PERCEPTION IN WHICH A SUCCESSION OF STILL PARTS IS PERCEIVED AS THE MOTION OF A GREATER WHOLE (THE MARQUEE EFFECT)

Front 53

FIGURE AND GROUND

Back 53

COGNITIVE ABILITY TO SEPARATE ELEMENTS WITHIN A WHOLE BASED UPON CONTRAST

Front 54

PROXIMITY

Back 54

PERCEPTUAL QUALITY IN WHICH THINGS ARE ASSOCIATED BECAUSE THEY ARE CLOSER TOGETHER

Front 55

SIMILARITY

Back 55

PERCEPTUAL QUALITY IN WHICH THINGS ARE ASSOCIATED BECAUSE THEY ARE SIMILAR IN SOME WAY (COLOR, SIZE, ETC)

Front 56

CLOSURE

Back 56

PERCEPTUAL QUALITY IN WHICH A FAMILIAR FORM IS INMTERPRETED AS COMPLETE EVEN IN THE PRESENCE OF GAPS

Front 57

BINOCULAR DISPARITY

Back 57

QUALITY OF HUMAN PERCEPTION CAUSED BY 1) TWO IMAGES PRODUCED BY 2 EYES; 2) 2-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE ON RETINA

Front 58

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE

Back 58

CUES FOR DEPTH PERCEPTION THAT COME FROM ONE EYE ALONE E.G. SIZE OF IMAGE ON RETINA, TEXTURE DENSITY

Front 59

TEXTURE GRADIENT

Back 59

PERCEPTUAL PHENOMENA IN WHICH DENSITY OF ENVIRONMENT PROVIDES DISTANCE CLUE--THE MORE DENSE, THE FURTHER IT APPEARS; MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH SMALLER OBJECTS THAT ARE ALSO CLUSTERED SEEM FURTHER AWAY

Front 60

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSONALITY THEORY

Back 60

THEORY OF PERSONALITY THAT SUGGEST THAT UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES AND DESIRES, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, SHAPE PERSONALITY

Front 61

DEPTH CUES

Back 61

ASPECTS OF SENSORY STIMULI THAT TELL US HOW FAR AWAY THE OBJECT IS

Front 62

PICTORIAL CUES

Back 62

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUES THAT PROVIDE AN IMPRESSION OF DEPTH ON A FLAT SURFACE

Front 63

RETINAL DISPARITY

Back 63

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VIEWS OF THE TWO EYES, ALSO CALLED BINOCULAR DISPARITY

Front 64

INTERPOSITION

Back 64

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH A BLOCKED IMAGE IS SEEN AS FURTHER AWAY THAN THE OBJECT THAT BLOCKS IT

Front 65

RELATIVE SIZE

Back 65

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH OBJECTS WITH A SMALLER IMAGE ON THE RETINA SEEM FURTHER AWAY

Front 66

RELATIVE CLARITY

Back 66

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH CLEAR & DETAILED OBJECTS SEEM CLOSER THAN HAZY ONES

Front 67

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

Back 67

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH PARALLEL LINES THAT CONVERGE SEEM FURTHER AWAY

Front 68

SHADE AND SHADOW

Back 68

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH PATTERNS OF LIGHT AND SHADOW MAKE OBJECTS SEEM THREE DIMENSIONAL

Front 69

MOTION PARALLAX

Back 69

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE IN WHICH OBJECTS SEEM TO THE VIEWER TO MOVE AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS DEPENDING UPON THEIR DISTANCE