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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Visual Perception - Selection |
Selectionfeaturedetector cells in the primary visual cortex choose what stimuli to payattention to |
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Visual Perception - Organisation |
theinfo is reorganised so we can make sense of it, done through visual perceptualprinciples |
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Visual Perception - Interpretation |
whenthe visual stimulus is given meaning, past memories may help |
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Visual Sensation - Reception |
Is whenthe light energy goes through and is received by the eye |
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Visual Sensation - Transduction |
is when photoreceptorcells in the retina convert the electromagnetic energy into electrochemicalenergy |
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Visual Sensation - Transmission |
photoreceptorcells send the info down the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex in theoccipital lobe in the brain |
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Gestalt principles Theory |
Gestalt principles are a set of 4 principles that refer to the way in which we organise the features of visual information by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form. We mentally fill in the blanks if we cannot see the whole image. Helps us construct a meaningful whole object. 4: Figure-Ground, Closure, Similarity, Proximity |
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Gestalt principles: Figure-ground organisation,closure, similarity, proximity |
Figure-ground? Whensomething stands out in the foreground against the background. Ie. These wordsare in the foreground. Closure?Isthe Perceptual tendency to mentally 'close up' and image and make it whole byfilling in the gaps. Eg. Logos Similarity?Thetendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features andthere for grouping them together. Eg. school kids. Proximity? Perceive parts of a visual image which are situated close together and are therefore grouped together. Ie. Letters together = a word |
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What is depth perception? |
Depthperception enables us to judge distances and arises from a variety of depthcues typically classified under binocular and monocular cues. |
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Absolute threshold |
is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that has to be present for the stimulus to be detected. |
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Rods & Cones |
Rods - visual receptor cells that are important for night vision and peripheral vision.the rods are better for night vision because they are much more sensitive than cones. cones - visual receptor cells that are important in daylight vision and color vision.the cones work well in daylight, but not in dim lighting. This is why it is more difficult to see colors in low light. |
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Muller-Lyer Illusion |
This theory is based on eye movement. When the arrows point inwards, our gaze rests inside the angles formed by the arrows. When they point outwards, our eyes demarcate the entire perspective and our gaze rests outside the angles. The outward pointing arrows make the figure more open and so the horizontal line appears longer. |
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Binocular Depth cues - require both eyes. - help estimate the distance of nearby objects. |
Retinal disparity marks the difference between two images. Brain uses retinal disparity to estimate the distance between the viewer and the object being viewed. Convergence is when the eyes turn inward to look at an object close up. Information sent from the eye muscles to the brain helps to determine the distance to the object. |
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The visible spectrum: |
Includes the colors of the rainbow, which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. |
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Monocular cues -require only one eye. |
Interposition: When one object is blocking part of another object, the viewer sees the blocked object as being farther away. Texture gradient: Smaller objects that are more thickly clustered appear farther away than objects that are spread out in space. Accommodation – this is the change of focus when you look at a close-up object. Relative size: People see objects that make a smaller image on the retina as farther away. Linear perspective: Parallel lines that converge appear far away. The more the lines converge, the greater the perceived distance. height in the visual field - since our eyes are off the ground, objects at different distances project to different heights on the retina. |
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Perceptualconstancies: |
Shape constancy: Objects appear to have the same shape even though they make differently shaped retinal images, depending on the viewing angle. Size constancy: Objects appear to be the same size even though their images get larger or smaller as their distance decreases or increases. Size constancy depends to some extent on familiarity with the object. For example, it is common knowledge that people don’t shrink. Size constancy also depends on perceived distance. Perceived size and perceived distance are strongly related, and each influences the other. Brightness constancy: People see objects as having the same brightness even when they reflect different amounts of light as lighting conditions change. |
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Perceptualset: |
Context - People’s immediate surroundings create expectations that make them see in particular ways. Motivation- Can activate certain behavior. Emotional state- how we are feeling, can also influence the way in which we perceive visual information. Past experiences - a combination of past experiences can lead to many individual differences in perception. Culture - way of life makes us see things differently |
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5 tastes |
Sweetness - regarded as a pleasurable sensation (sugar) Sourness- the taste that detects acidity. Saltiness- presence of sodium ions. Bitterness- unpleasant, sharp, or disagreeable Umami- savory or meat |
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Number of taste buds on the tongue |
2,000–8,000 |
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Changes in taste as a result of ageing |
Between the ages of 40 and 50, the number of taste buds decreases. May lose ability to taste differences between 5 tastes. |
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Influences on the perception of flavour |
Colour is very important on ourexpectation of food.Colourcan tell us the freshness of food. Weassociate colours with types of foods e.g yellow coloured milkshake will be bananaflavoured. |
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Fivesenses and sense organs for each |
Sight - Eyes Hearing - Ears Smell - Nose Taste - Tongue Touch - Skin |
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Retina: Location, function and qualitiesof projected stimulus |
Location: It is located near the optic nerve. Function: The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition. |
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Ponzo Illusion |
is the mind's tendency to judge an objec's size according to the background. |
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Ames Room illusion |
is an illusion based on perception. It is a specially constructed room that, due to size and shape constancy, looks normal. When two people stand in the corners, one person looks small while the other appears a giant |
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What is Synaesthesia? |
the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body. |
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Tri-component model of attitudes- |
1. Affective (emotions/feelings) 2. Behavioural (actions) 3. Cognitive (beliefs) Affective component: refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person,group, event or issue. The affective component is based on a judgement which results in a positive response (such as liking or favouring), negativeresponse (such as disliking or hating) or a neutral response (such as lack of interest or concern). Behavioural component: refers to the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions (or how we might behave should the opportunity arise). Cognitive component: refers to the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue. Our beliefs are linked to what we know about the world and develop throughout our experiences in life. Some beliefs are based on fact, other beliefs are not. |
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Prejudice |
holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their membership of that group. Old fashioned prejudice: a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others. Modern prejudice: a form of prejudice which is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group. |
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Discrimination |
Discrimination (behaviour) refers to positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members. Direct discrimination: occurs when someone is treated unfavourably because of personal characteristic protected by the law. Indirect discrimination: occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic. |
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Stereotype |
isa collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certaingroup, regardless of individual differences among members of that group. s |
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Whats a group? |
A group is any collection of two or more peoplewho interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose. |
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Six different types of social power |
Reward - Give positive or remove negative consequences eg. employer can give pay rise Coercive - is based on the ability to punish a person for failure to comply. eg teacher can give detentions Legitimate- An individual status in a group, institution or society gives them power over the lower status. eg. Group leader, captain of team, Police officer Referent - Individuals identify with or want to be liked by this person.Eg. Celebrity you like. Expert- Individuals who have expertise in a spesific feild due to training and experience. eg. Doctors, Plumbers Informational- Having resources or information that is useful and not available else where. Eg Libarian |
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Status |
refers to an individual’s position in agroup or social system, especially in respect to power, privilege andimportance. |
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Power |
refers to the amount of influence that anindividual can exert over another individual. |
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Kitty Genovese murder |
•Her screams woke 38 of her neighbours.Many switched on their lights and stood at their windows watching for up to 35minutes as Kitty struggled with her attacker. •Her attacked fled, leaving Kitty to dieon the foot path. •Only one of Kitty’s neighbours called thepolice. •No one went to help her. |
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The bystander effect |
•the tendency for individuals to be lesslikely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present, orbelieved to be present, as compared to when they are alone. •The greater the amount of bystanders, theless likely any of them is to help. |
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Define Bullying |
•Bullying is repeated physical or psychological aggressivebehaviour by a person or group directed towards a less powerful person or groupthat is intended to cause harm, distress or fear. •Bullying is intentional. It is a planned attack on someone in either aphysical or psychological way. •It involves acts that are repeated over time. |
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Four different types of bullying |
•Physical •Verbal •Covert•Cyber• Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours,negative facial or physical gestures, playing nasty jokes to embarrass andhumiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone. |
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Positive influences of the media |
- a way to keep in touch with friends or family. - meet new and old friends - helps people stay connected - For shy and introverted people it can help overcome barriers to connectivity with others as it enables friendships and communication behind the security or safety of a screen. - educational benefits. |
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What are explicit attitudes? |
A person’s conscious views toward people, objects, or concepts. That is, the person is aware of the feelings he or she holds in a certain context. |
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What are implicit attitudes? |
where an individual's feelings or opinions on some matter exist without conscious awareness. |
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What is an intergroup? |
is when conflict resolution can also be facilitated by cooperating toward shared goals that can be attained only if groups work together. Under the proper conditions, cooperative intergroup interaction reduces conflict. |
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What are cognitive interventions? |
Where the therapy makes faulty,thinking patterns cause "negative" emotions. in order to change his or her behavior and emotional state. |
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Cost - benefit Analysis |
An individual weighing up the costs of helping against the benefits of helping. Eg. someone wagging class to help a friend |
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Normative influence |
resulting in the desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
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Social loafing |
is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. |
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Deindividuation |
loss of self-awareness in groups |
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What is altruism? |
acting out of concern for the well-being of others, without regard to your own self-interest. |
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Personalfactors influencing helping behavior. |
Empathy- Theability to identify with and understand another person’s felling ofdifficulties. Mood- Generallyyou are more likely to help someone if you are in a good mood rather than a badmood. Competence- Wecannot help someone if we do not know how or do not have the physical or mentalskills to do so. |
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Difference between Independentand dependent variables. |
The value of an independent value can be changed. The independent variable is the value which is manipulated in an experiment. You cannot change of the value of a dependent variable. The dependent variable is the value observed by the researcher during an experiment. |
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Conveniencesampling |
is made up of people who are easy to reach. |
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randomsampling |
Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. |
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5 participants rights |
- Right to withdraw at any time - No harm mentally or physically - Informed consent - Debriefing - Confidentiality - Voluntary consent |
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What are explicit and Implicit attitudes: |
Explicitattitudes: arewhen people openly express and state their attitude. Implicitattitudes: areinvoluntary, uncontrollable and generally unconscious. |
