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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thinking
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Thinking, or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating.
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4 mental activities involved in thinking
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1. Concepts (chair example)
2. Problem solving 3. Decision making 4. Judgment formation |
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How are concepts organized?
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We organize concepts into category hierarchies
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2 ways to form concepts
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1. Definitions, i.e. triangle
2. Mental images or prototypes i.e. bird |
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4 problem solving strategies
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1. Trial and Error
2. Algorithms 3. Heuristics 4. Insight |
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Trial and error
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trying out a variety of means through many errors until a satisfactory result is obtained
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Algorithms
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A process that is very time consuming that exhausts all possibilities before arriving at a solution. Used by computers.
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Heuristics
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Rules of thumb. Thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. They are less time consuming and more error prone then algorithms.
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2 kinds of Heuristics
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1. Representative heuristics
2. availability heuristics |
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Representative heuristics
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judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, a particular prototype.
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Representative heuristics example
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If you meet a slim, short, man who wears glasses and likes poetry, what do you think is profession would be? An ivy league professor or a truck driver?
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Availability heuristics
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predict the frequency of an event based on how easily one can think of an example around him
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Availability heuristics example
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One argues that smoking is not risky because his father is healthy smoking three packs of cigarettes per day.
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Insight
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Involves a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem. Humans and animals have this.
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2 obstacles in solving problems
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1. confirmation bias
2. fixation |
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Confirmation bias
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an irrational tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias (= existing conceptions or working hypotheses)
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Fixation
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Can't think outside the box. An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impeded problem solving
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Example of fixation
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functional fixedness
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Effects of framing
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Decisions and judgments may be significantly affected depending upon how an issue is framed.
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4 stages of language learning
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1. Babbling
2. One-word stage 3. Two-word stage (telegraphic speech) 4. Longer phrases |
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Babbling
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Begins at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds like ah-goo.
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One-word stage
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Beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time and is able to make family members understand him. I.e. the word doggy may mean look at the dog out there.
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Two-word stage (telegraphic speech)
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Before the 2nd year, the child starts to speak in two-word sentences.
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Longer phrases
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after the telegraphic speech, children begin uttering longer phrases (Mommy get ball) with syntactical sense, and by early elementary school they are employing humor.
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2 theories of language learning
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1. Operant learning
2. Inborn universal grammar |
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Operant learning
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Skinner believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement.
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Problem with operant learning
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Can explain some language learning, but can't possibly explain how someone could learn 60,000 words by high school graduation.
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Inborn universal grammar
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Chomsky. We are born with the ability to acquire language efficiently.
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More likely theory
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Inborn universal grammar
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Linguistic determinism
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Whorf suggested that language determines the way we think
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