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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Psych = ? Ology = ? |
Psych meaning psyche or soul and ology meaning logos or study |
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What are the 7 main hubs/flavours of sphycology? |
Biology, Anthropology, Economics, Sociology, Engineering, Computer Sciences, Medecine |
All require the scientific method |
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What are the 7 main subfeilds of sphycology |
Biophysiology, neuroscience, developmental, experimental, industrial, personality, social |
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What takes folk wisdom into the realm of contemporary psychology? |
Critical thinking |
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What is Naive Realism? |
Common statements regarding behviour may not generalize. There can be multiple interpretations of the same information. |
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What is patternicity? |
The experience of patterns in random behaviour or in a random stimulus |
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Beware of Logical Falacies |
Human rationality is classically bounded. We might think we think rationally but we do not. |
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What is pseduoscience |
There are many things that might look like science, and use some of science's techniques, but its pseduoscience |
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TMS |
(Transcraniap Magnetic Stimulation) Sending weak signals across the cortical surface, leading to temporary disruption of electrical activity |
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ERP |
(Event Related Potentials) Records the weak electrical feilds generated by large scale neural ensembles that permeate out through the skull |
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PET |
(Positron Emission Topography) After ingestion of a radioactive tag which attached itself to glucose, glucose uptake related to increased brain activity |
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MRI |
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Records BOLD signal on the principal that oxygenated blood has different magnetic properties than deoxygenated blood |
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(N170) or the Brain's responce to faces can be recorded using... |
ERP. This responce is larger for stimuli that have a facial component to them but are not actully faces. |
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BandWagon |
Assuming a claim is correct or a produce/service is good because it is popular |
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Appeal to Ignorance |
Accepting a claim must be true because no one has shown the claim to be false |
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Either-Or |
Accepting either one of two extreme positions or accounts of a phenomenon |
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Argument from Antiquity |
If a beleif has been around for so long, it does not mean it is valid |
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Appeal to Authority |
Accepting a claim because those who endorse it are higher in power |
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Not Me |
If you think that none of these fallacies apply to you |
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AD-HOC Immunization |
A loophole or additional argument that protects a theory from being rejected |
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Exaggerated Claims |
Extraordinary claims often require extraordinary evidence. Too good to be true |
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Ancedotes |
Small samples are hard to verify, potentially unrepresentative and lack casual inference |
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Lack of Self-Correction |
If contrary evidence is available, this should be acknowledged rather than keeping the original idea |
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Absence of Connectivity |
Bridges are built between observation and theory. Pseudoscience goes all out |
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Psychobabble |
Unusual, complex sentences might convey science without being scientific |
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Lack of Review |
Research may not have been peer-reveiwed and/or researchers have vested interest |
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Proof, not evidence |
In most cases, it is impossible to prove a certain psychological condition |
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What 2 things do good theories do? |
1) consolidate previous observations 2)generate future hypothesis |
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What two factures are necessary for the cycle of scientific thinking? |
Open mind and claim evaluation |
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Rival Hypothesis |
Findings consistent with several hypothesis need research to rule out certain ones |
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Replicability |
Findings must be capable of being duplicated following the same methodology |
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Correlation vs Causation |
An association between two things does not imply a cause and effect relationship |
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Extraordinary Claims |
A claim that contradicts what we already know must have alot of evidence to back it up |
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Falsibilty |
Claims must be capable of being disproven |
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Occam's razor |
If two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, select the simpiler one |
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What are the 6 key sphycological elements to explain how we feel? What are the 3 groups they fall into? |
Social, mental, neurochemical, behavioural, neurological, molecular. Enviormental influences, Psychological influences, Biological influences. |
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Who were the Dualists? The monoists? What did they beleive? |
Dualists beleived the mind and brain were seperate 'stuff' where the monoists thought they were one |
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Who were the Descarates? |
Concerned with solving the fualist problem. Beleived the pineal gland was the interaction point between the physical and the mental. This idea was later rejected for the modern monism approach as the mind as a product of the brain. |
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Who were the Nativists? The Empiricists? Name two key figures of each. |
Nativists (nature) beleived people were a product of their parents. Kant and Descates. Empirists (nurture) beleived people were a product of their surroundings. Hobbes and Locke. |
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What is the idea of functionalism and who suggested it |
William James Behaviours seem to have a purpose, evolutionary |
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William Wundt |
University of Leipzig, Germany. Commited to the scientific method. Profesor of philosophy. Via introspection, he thought it was possible to get at the atomic units of mental processes. Complex experiences could simply be boiled down into combinations of simpiler sensations and processes. |
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What is Semantic Memory? |
Long term memory that is not drawn from personal experience such as names of colours, the sound of letters. |
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6 key components of introspection? |
Memory access, memory accociation, semantic memory, feeling of knowing, episodic memory |
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What is Structuralism? Who coined this term? What was this idea used to infer. |
Titchner The idea that one complex idea can be broken down into several smaller ideas John Watson; B. F. Skinner used this way of thinking to suggest that introspection was useless in terms of methodology |
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What 3 statements were (essentially) made by behaviourists |
1)The study of the mind is outside the remit of science 2)Introspection about mental processes is hard to verify 3)The only thing we can reliably measure is behaviour |
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What is Operant Conditionaning? |
Skinner Stimulus response relationships can be strengthened or weakened by the addition and removal of posotive and negative outcomes. There is no free will. |
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What is Classical Conditioning? |
Watson Fear is just a behavioural predisposition to cry. We are born with nothing onto which the enviorment etches its stimulus response relationshios associations. |
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Psychodynamic theory |
Freud Our conscious mind gatekeeps our iceberg sized unconconsious, which causes behavioural problems. |
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Cognitive psychology |
Tries to understand concepts such as memory and decision making |
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Behavioural psychology |
Observed behaviour. |
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Ulric Neisser |
Wrote the first textbook on Cognitive Psychology. Cognition both acknowledges and attempts to describe the blue prints of the mind |
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Abraham Maslow |
Founded the humanistic perspective in the 1960s and the spirit of self actualization is still around today under the term of posotive sphycology. |
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Cognitive Neuropsychology Case study: frontal damage patcients |
See the brain and correlate this with mental events Individuals with frontal damage endorsed the personal moral scenerios significantly more often than brain damaged control or normal control individuals. |
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Two types of Clinical Psychology |
Clinical psychologist (assessment, diagnosis, treatment, research on mental disorders) Counselling psychologist (work with individuals with temporary life problems) |
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3 types of research psychologists |
Developmental psychology (study sphychological change over time, not just infants but lifespan perspective) Exerimental psychology (uses research methods to address psychological questions) Biological sphycologist (studies the physiological basis of behaviour) |
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3 types of applied psychology |
School psychologist (work with teachers, parents and children in adressing student difficulties) Forensic sphycology (access and diagnose inmates, work in eye witness testimony/jury decisions) Industrial organizational psychologist (evaluate performance, maximise performance, minimize accidents) |
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