Chapter 1 : The Science Of Psychology

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4 Goals of Psychology

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Description, Explanation,Prediction, and Control

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Description

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What is happening?, observing a behavior and noting everday about it:
what is happening?
where it happens?
to whom it happens?,
what circumstances it seems to happen?

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Explanation

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Why is it happening? helps to build the theory, helps in providing theories of behavior

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Theory

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general explanation of a set of observations or facts

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Prediction

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When will it happen again?, determining what will happen in the future, changes or modifies behavior

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Control (modification of some behavior)

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How can it be changed?, change a behavior from an undesirable one to a desirable one

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Plato, Artistotle, and Descartes

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wrote about relationship of soul or mind

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Wilhelm Wundt

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-physiologist
-created the first psych lab in 1879
-developed objective introspection
-father of psychology

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Objective Introspection

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process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughtd and mental activities

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Edward Titchener

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- Brought structuralism to America
-student of wundt
-believed Objectintro could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations

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Structuralism

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Study of the structure or basic elements of the mind

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William James

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-developed functionalism
-heavily influenced by charles darwin, natural selection

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Functionalism

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How the mind allows people to function in the real world and adapt to their surroundings

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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-First female pesident of the American Psychological Association, had a successful career as a professor and researcher
-student of william james

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Margaret F. Washburn

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-First female to recieve a Ph.d in psychology
-student of Edward Titchener

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Max Werthiemer

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-disagree with structuralism
-psychologist
-developed gestalt psychology

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Gestalt Psychology

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The Whole is Greater than the sum of its Parts.
-focuses on perception and sensation and the perception of patterns and whole figures
-part of cognitive psychology today

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Sigmund Freud

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- developed psychoanalysis
-physician

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Psychoanalysis

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the theory and therapy based on the work of sigmund freud
-a person's development is based on early childhood
-human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by by irrational drives which are unconscious
-deals with the unconscious mind

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Ivan Pavlov and John Watson

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Developed Behaviorism

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Behaviorism

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The science of behavior that focuses on osbervable behavior only

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Stimulus

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anything that causes an organism to have a reaction or response

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Reflex

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an involuntary reaction

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Watson vs Freud

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Freud believed behavior stems from unconscious motivation, while watson believed all behavior is learned

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Modern Perspectives

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The perspectives of theories that have been changed into more modern updated practice

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Psychodynamic Perspective

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include the unconcious mind and influence over conscious behavior, but less on sex and sexual motivations, emphasises sense of self, social and interpersonal relationships

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Behavioral Perspective

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- Continued by B.F Skinner
-includes operant conditioning

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Cognitive Perspective

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Focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking

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SocioCultural Perspective

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focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
social psychology- study of groups and rules of social action and relationship
cultural psychology- study of cultural norms, values, and expectations

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Biopsychological perspective

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study of biological bases of behavior and mental processes, humand and animal behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body. Hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, and diseases

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Evolutionary Perspective

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perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

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Humanistic Perspective

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-focus on people's ability to direct their own lives
-people have free will
-people strive for self-actualization
-Founded by Adam Maslow and Carl Rogers

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Scientific Method

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system of gathering data so that bia and error in measurement are reduced

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Hypothesis

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educated guess, tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observation

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Replicate

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repitition of a sudy or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results

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Observer Effect

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tendency of people or animals to behave differently fom normnal when they know they are being observed

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Participant Observation

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a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

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Observer Bias

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tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

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Case Study

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study of one individual in great detail

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Representative Sample

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randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

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Population

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the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

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Correlation

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a measure of the relationship between two variables

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Experiment

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a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior, determination of cause and effect relationships

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Operational definition

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definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

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Independent Variable

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variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

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Dependent Variable

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variable in an experiment that represents the measureable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

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Experimental group

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subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent group

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Control group

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subjects who are not independent variables and who may receive the placebo effect

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Random assignment

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process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control group randomly

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Placebo effect

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the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior (the dependent variable is tested with real or fake pills to test their biases)

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Experimenter effect

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tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study(the behavior of the experimenter effects the patient)

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Single-blind study

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subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

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double-blind study

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neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

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Correlation coefficient

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a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation