Psychology Test 2-Chapter 5

Front 1

sensation

Back 1

the detection of external stimuli

Front 2

perception

Back 2

the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals

Front 3

bottom up processing

Back 3

perception based on the physical features of the stimulus

Front 4

top down processing

Back 4

how knowledge, expectations, or past experiences shape the interpretation of sensory information, context defines perception

Front 5

transduction

Back 5

the process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret

Front 6

qualitative

Back 6

consists of the most basic qualities of a stimulus

Front 7

quantitative

Back 7

consists of the degree or magnitude

Front 8

absolute threshold

Back 8

the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience sensation

Front 9

difference threshold

Back 9

the just noticeable difference, the minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli

Front 10

Weber's law

Back 10

the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is bases on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of difference

Front 11

signal detection theory

Back 11

a theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgement and is not an all-or nothing process

Front 12

sensory adaptation

Back 12

a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

Front 13

synethesia

Back 13

the production of a sense impression relating to one sense by stimulation of another sense

Front 14

accomodation

Back 14

changes the shape of the lens-focuses on near or far objects accordingly

Front 15

retina

Back 15

the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball, which contains the sensory receptors (rods and cones) that transduce light into neural signals

Front 16

rods

Back 16

retinal cells that respond to low levels of light

Front 17

cones

Back 17

retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in color perception

Front 18

fovea

Back 18

the center of the retina where cones are densely packed and no rods are present

Front 19

ganglion cells

Back 19

first neurons in the visual pathway with axons that fire action potentials, they are gathered into a bundle called the optic nerve

Front 20

occipital lobe

Back 20

primary visual cortex

Front 21

Blind spot

Back 21

where the optic nerve connects to the eye, there are no rods or cones there

Front 22

visual areas beyond the primary visual cortext form

Back 22

two parallel processing streams-ventral and dorsal

Front 23

ventral stream

Back 23

perception and recognition of objects

Front 24

dorsal stream

Back 24

spatial perception

Front 25

trichromatic theory

Back 25

activity in three different types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths (S,M,L)

Front 26

S cone

Back 26

short wavelengths-blue-violet

Front 27

M cone

Back 27

most sensitive to medium wavelengths-green-yellow

Front 28

L cone

Back 28

most sensitive to long wavelengths red-orange

Front 29

opponent process theory

Back 29

related to the second stage of visual processing-here different types of ganglion cells, not cones, work in opposing oairs, creating the perception that red and green are opposites, as well as blue and yellow (afterimages)

Front 30

lightness

Back 30

is determined by the brightness of the stimulus relative to its surroundings

Front 31

rules of gestalt perceptual grouping

Back 31

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, illusory contours

Front 32

proximity

Back 32

the closer two figures are to each other, the more likey we are to group them and see them as part of the same object

Front 33

similarity

Back 33

we tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other

Front 34

continuity

Back 34

we tend to group together edges or contours that have the same orientation, which is known as "good continuation"

Front 35

closure

Back 35

we tend to complete figures that have gaps

Front 36

illusory contours

Back 36

we sometimes perceive contours and depth cues even when they do not exist

Front 37

prosopagnosia

Back 37

deficits in the ability to recognize faces

Front 38

binocular depth cues

Back 38

cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes

Front 39

monocular depth cues

Back 39

cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone

Front 40

binocular disparity

Back 40

(retinal disparity)-because of the distance between the two eyes, each eye receives a slightly different retinal image

Front 41

stereoscopic vision

Back 41

the ability to determine an object's depth based on that object's projections to each eye

Front 42

convergence

Back 42

a cue of binocular depth perception when a person views a nearby object, the eye muscles turn the eyes inward

Front 43

pictorial depth clues

Back 43

occlusion, positive relative to horizon, relative size

Front 44

occlusion

Back 44

a near object occludes an object that is farther away

Front 45

positive relative to horizon

Back 45

all else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away

Front 46

relative size

Back 46

if the far off and close objects are the same physical size, far off objects will project a smaller retinal image than close objects

Front 47

monocular depth perception

Back 47

familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient

Front 48

familiar size

Back 48

because we know how large familiar objects are, we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images

Front 49

linear perspective

Back 49

seemingly parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

Front 50

texture gradient

Back 50

as a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser

Front 51

waterfall effect

Back 51

if you stare at a waterfalll and then turn away the scenery you are now looking at will seem to move upward

Front 52

stroboscopic movement

Back 52

a perceptual illusion that occurs when two or more slightly different images are presented in rapid succession

Front 53

object constancy

Back 53

correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, color, lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception

Front 54

audition

Back 54

hearing and the sense of sound perception

Front 55

sound wave

Back 55

a pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time, which produces the perception of sound

Front 56

amplitude determines

Back 56

loudness

Front 57

frequency determines

Back 57

pitch

Front 58

sound localization

Back 58

we use information coming from different ears to help determine where sound originates from

Front 59

vestibular sense

Back 59

perception of balance determined by receptors in the ear

Front 60

gustation

Back 60

sense of taste

Front 61

taste buds

Back 61

sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

Front 62

stimulated taste buds send signals to

Back 62

the thalamus and the frontal lobe of the brain

Front 63

five taste qualities

Back 63

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Front 64

olfaction

Back 64

sense of smell

Front 65

olfactory epithelium

Back 65

smell receptors

Front 66

oflactory bulb

Back 66

the brain center for smell

Front 67

pleasant or unpleasant smell processed by

Back 67

prefrontal cortex

Front 68

intensity of smell processed in brain in

Back 68

amygdala

Front 69

haptic sense

Back 69

sense of touch

Front 70

kinesthetic sense

Back 70

perception of the positions in space and movements of our bodies and limbs

Front 71

fast fibers pain

Back 71

myelinated

Front 72

slow fibers pain

Back 72

non-myelinated