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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Right hemisphere controls.... |
Left side of body |
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Left hemisphere controls.... |
right side of body |
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Motor nerves.... |
cross sides in spinal cord |
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The first step for how neurons communicate is.... |
the neuron recieves input from other neurons on its dendrites and cell body |
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2nd step... |
It sends its own output, a neural impulse, down the axon to the axon terminals |
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3rd step... |
the myelin sheath is not part of the neuron; it is formed of separate glial cells that are wrapped around the axon |
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cell nucleus |
Is a circular form that is in the tree branch looking section of the neuron |
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Dendritis |
are thin tubelike extensions that branch extensively and function to receive input to the neuron. (looks like the ending branches of the neuron) |
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what is a cell body of a neuron? |
the widest part of the neuron. It surrounds the nucleus and other basic machinery comon to all bodily cells. |
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What is an axon? |
a thin tubelike extension from the cell body. It carries messages to other neurons. |
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What is a Myelin Sheath? |
The casing around the axons. the sheath helps to speed up the movement of neural impulses along the axon. |
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What are Axon terminals? |
the dots at the end of the branches of the cell body. They release chemical transmitter molecules onto other neurons. |
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What is the Action Potential? |
Neurons exert their influence on other neurons and muscle cells by firing of all-or-none impulses |
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What is Resting Potential? |
a charge across the membrane of an inactive neuron. Also makes an action potential possible.
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What does neurotransmitter, Dopamine, do? |
MAkes you feel good and deals with movement, attention, & learning |
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What does Acetylcholine do? |
muscle movement & memory |
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What does the neurotransmiter, Serotonin, do? |
deals with sleep & depresiion |
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What does the neurotransmitter, Norepinephrine, do? |
controls fight or flight |
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What does the neurotransmitter, GABA, do? |
Deals with the inhibition of activity |
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What does the neurotransmitter, Endorphins, do? |
deals with pain |
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What is the difference between sensation and perception? |
Sensation deals with the environmental info interacting with sensory receptors. Perception deals with the interpretaion of sensory |
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What are the 5 major senses? |
Vision, hearing, touch, taste, pain & smell |
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What is transduction? |
converts physical energy to neural signal |
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What is the Absolute threshold? |
Smallest strength of a stimulus that can be detected. Basically the sensation that tells you "hey, I notice this!" |
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What is Difference Threshold? |
the sensation you have when the smallest difference that can be detected. |
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What is Sensory Adaptation? |
All about change. The sensation of noticing things that change |
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Auditory Perception occurs when__________ interact with the__________________ |
occurs when sound waves interact with the structures of the ear |
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What is a sound wave? |
Changes overtime in the pressure of an elastic medium |
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Frequency is? |
a lose wave that is related to pitch of a sound |
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Amplitude is? |
Is a tight wave that is related to loudness of a sound |
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What is the Traveling Wave Theory? |
sound waves entering the cochlea set up traveling waves on the basilar membrane, which move from the proximal end toward the distal end. (Ex.) a bedsheet when someone shakes it at one end. |
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Properties of color: Hue |
color, different wavelengths correspond to subject color |
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Properties of color: Saturation |
purity of the light wave |
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Properties of color: Brightness |
intensity of color, amplitude of the light wave |
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Color Mixing: Subtractive color mixture |
Blocking out other colors |
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Color Mixing: Additive color mixing |
Combining light, basically opposite of subtractive |
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Opponent-Process Theory |
Herring proposed that we have 2 types of color opponent cells which are red & green opponent cells and blue & yellow opponent cells. Our current view of color vision is that it is based on both trichromatic and opponent process. |
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Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision |
Mixing only 3 primary lights (usually red, green & blue) You can crease the perception of all possible colors Young & Helmholtz said that we have 3 different types of photoreceptors. Each of them more sensitive. |
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Bottom up & Top-down process |
Bottom up: emphasizes sensory perceptors in detecting basic features of a stimulus. (data driven processing) Top-down: emphasizes cognitive processes engraving all perceptions. (conceptual driven process) |
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What is Proximity? |
Tendency to group objects together when they appear to be close together |
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What is similarity? |
Object & figure has similar elements |
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What is Continuity ? |
figures appear in lines or other geometric form, They tend to stand out more. |
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What is closure? |
Tend to see incomplete objects as complete objects |
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Explain Ames room |
Explanation: The room is disorted. The back wall and both windows are trapezoidal in shape, and the way that it is slanted so that its left hand edge is actually actually twice as tall & twice as far from the viewer as its right handed edge. Whats happening: Basically the room makes the people on the right huge and the people on the left small even though they are in the same room. |
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Motives? |
Needs, wants, desires, leading to goal directed behavior |
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Drive theories? |
seek homeostasis |
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Incentive theories? |
external goal that "pulls or pushes" behavior |
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Evolutionary Theories? |
max reproductive success |
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Motivation of Hunger: Environmental Factors |
Learned preferences and habits
Food related cues ( appearance, odor, effort required)
Stress |
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Why do we sleep hypothesis |
1. evolved to conserve energy 2. immobilization adaptive because it reduces danger 3. helps animals to restore energy and other bodily resources. |
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Sleep Problems |
Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Nightmares Night Terrors Somnambulism |
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Dreams & Rem sleep |
Everyone dreams several times a night
true dream- vivid, during REM (detailed)
Sleep thought- Lacks vivid sensory & motor sensation, similar daytime thinking, occurs during slow-wave sleep. |
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Emotion? |
a subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object. |
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Theories of emotion: James-Lange |
1. stimulus(bear), 2.Perception( interpretation of stimulus danger), 3. bodly arousal (pounding heart), Emotion (fear) |
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Theories of emotion: Schachter's Theory |
1. Stimulus (bear) 2. Perception (interpretation of stimulus--danger) 3. Emotion (fear) also count the intensity of fear and type 4. Bodily Arousal (pounding heart) |
