Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Give a definition of PSYCHOLOGY. |
The SCIENCE of thought and behavior |
|
|
Give a definition of SCIENCE. |
A set of procedures for collection empirical data meant to avoid the mistakes of common sense reasoning |
|
|
What are the three main differences between science and common sense? |
1) Objective vs Subjective Data Collection 2) Systematic vs Hit or Miss Data Collection 3) Relies ONLY on evidence vs swayed by belief |
|
|
What are three problems with relying on BELIEF? |
You can believe anything No connection with the truth Not convincing to others |
|
|
What is DEDUCTIVE reasoning? |
Deriving truths from other truths based on set theory. |
|
|
What is INDUCTIVE reasoning? |
Extrapolating from current data to predict future data. |
|
|
Can science PROVE things? Why or why not? |
No. Science is empirical which relies on inductive reasoning which cannot prove things. |
|
|
How do you know whether a scientific theory is a GOOD explanation of data? |
Quality of data - ALL data, unbiased (Sc. Mthd) FITS data - the best fit for data. |
|
|
What are the two main types of studies? |
Descriptive and Experimental |
|
|
What sort of information can you learn from DESCRIPTIVE studies? |
CORRELATION |
|
|
What sort of information can you learn from EXPERIMENTAL studies? |
CAUSATION |
|
|
What is a CONFOUNDING VARIABLE? |
A variable that can skew the results. Must be controlled and negated to produce accurate results. |
|
|
What is an OPERATIONAL DEFINITION? |
A precise definition of a variable. |
|
|
What is EXTERNAL VALIDITY? |
The degree to which the study can be applied to real life |
|
|
What are the major parts of a neuron? |
Cell Body (Dendrite, Nucleus) Axon (Myelin, Axon Terminals) |
|
|
What are some facts about Myelin? |
Made my glial cells. Insulate neurons (speed signals) |
|
|
What can Axon Terminals connect to? |
Muscles or other neurons. |
|
|
What are the steps in Neural Firing? |
1) K+ in/ Na2+ out (net - charge). 2) Ion gates open. (K+ out slowly|Na2+ in quickly). Brief (+) charge. 3) Axon terminal releases neurotransmitters in SYNAPTIC VESICLE (+ charged). 4) (-) charged receptor sites are attached to by neurotransmitters. 5) Ion gates are opened if stimulated enough 6) Neurotransmitter is then expelled to be re-uptook or degraded. |
|
|
What charge does a resting neuron have? |
Negative |
|
|
What charge does a neuron firing reach? |
Positive |
|
|
What ions are pumped in/out of a neuron reaching resting state? |
K+ in/ Na 2+ out |
|
|
What are the steps of neurotransmitter leaving neurons to bind receptor sites? |
Synapse --> Synaptic Vesicle (neurotransmitter) --> Synaptic Cleft --> Receptor |
|
|
Name several neurotransmitters |
Acetycholine, Epinephrine, Noepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine, Endorphin, GABA, Glutamate, Substance P, Oxytocin |
|
|
What does Acetylcholine do? |
Activates muscle, affects learning and memory |
|
|
What does Epinhephrine and Norepinephrine do? |
Controls arousal and alertness. |
|
|
What does Serotonin do? |
Regulate mood and appetite |
|
|
What does Dopamine do? |
reward centers of the brain, frontal lobe. |
|
|
What does Endorphins do? |
(Endogenous-Morphine) block pain response. |
|
|
What does GABA do? |
An amino acid that inhibits neural activity. |
|
|
What does Glutamate do? |
An amino acid with excitatory properties (e.g. Monosodium Glutamate) |
|
|
What does Substance P do? |
A neopeptide important to the expression of pain. |
|
|
What does Oxytocin do? |
Reduces stress, promotes bonding. |
|
|
What are the two major parts of the Peripheral Nervous System? |
Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System. |
|
|
What are the two subsections of the Autonomic nervous System |
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic System |
|
|
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do? |
Runs length of spine. Fight or Flight. |
|
|
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do? |
Returns body to normal functions. |
|
|
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do to the major body parts in the head? |
-Eye dilates -Salivary Glands stop |
|
|
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do to the major body parts in the thoracic cavity? |
-Larynx, trachea open wider -Heart pumps faster |
|
|
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do to the major body parts in the abdominal cavity? |
Stomach shuts down (blood goes to muscles) Pancreas produces less insulin more glucagon (Blood sugar up) Liver produces glycogen and clotting factor (blood sugar up and faster clotting) Kidneys dump things more quickly Adrenal glands produce more adrenaline and adrenaline Large & Small intestines stop Rectum contracts suddenly Genitals may receive more or less blood Blood to skin cut off |
|
|
What are the parts of the Hind Brain |
Midbrain, Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation |
|
|
What does the Medulla do? |
It measures the increase in blood pH (CO2, Carbonic Acid) and increases HR & breathing to compensate. |
|
|
What does the Pons do? |
Relay station for Cerebellum. Measures arousal level, dreaming. |
|
|
What does the Reticular Formation do? |
Controls sleeping and waking. Causes you to be awake. Responds to light. |
|
|
What does the Cerebellum do? |
Muscle coordination and balance. Tells your body how to move. |
|
|
What are the parts of the Forebrain? |
Cerebral cortex, Corpus collosum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland |
|
|
What does the Thalamus do? |
Relay station. Connects stuff to other stuff. |
|
|
What does the Hypothalamus do? |
Homeostasis, hunger, thirst, sex drive |
|
|
What does the Corpus Collosum do? |
Connects left & right hemisphere |
|
|
What does the Pituitary gland do? |
Master endocrine gland (growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone). |
|
|
What are the parts of the Limbic system? |
Fomix, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, Mammillary Body, Thalamus, Hippocampus |
|
|
What does the Amygdala do? |
Controls emotional expression |
|
|
What does the Hippocampus do? |
Stores memories in different parts of the brain |
|
|
What does the Cingulate Gyrus do? |
Coordinates sensory input & emotion. |
|
|
What are the major regions of the brain? |
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Cerebellum, Temporal |
|
|
What does the frontal lobe do? |
Back - controls motor cortex Front, back, motor memories Prefrontal lobe - planning, impulse control, abstract thinking. |
|
|
What does the Parietal lobe do? |
Somatosensory complex. Also memories for how things feel (spatial memories). |
|
|
What does the Occipital lobe do? |
Visual cortex. Visual memories. |
|
|
What does the temporal lobe do? |
Auditory cortex. Auditory memories.
Also contains Wernicke's area, speech & language understanding. |
|
|
What are the major endocrine glands? |
Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus Gland, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Testes & Ovaries |
|
|
What does the Pituatary gland do? |
Growth, triggers ovulation, regulates other endocrine glands (regulates thyroid etc) |
|
|
What does the Thyroid do? |
Makes THYROXIN, controls metabolism, weight gain & loss, and energy level |
|
|
What does the Thymus gland do? |
Critical immune system component. Matures T-cells |
|
|
What does the Adrenal glands do? |
Regulates body salts. Triggers fight or flight |
|
|
What does the Pancreas do? |
Controls blood sugar levels. Glycogen|Glucagon. |
|
|
What does the ovaries do? |
estrogen (also made in the adrenal glands) --> breast tissue, nice skin, calcium replacement
|
|
|
What do the testes do? |
Testosterone (40:1, 2:1) --> body hair, aggression, risk taking, sex drive |
|
|
How would you determine if a trait had a genetic origin? |
Compare Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins (general cognitive ability, sexual orientation, personality traits, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar, autism). Compare genetic and adoptive parents (math, reading, and intellectual ability) |
