Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is perceptual cognitivism? |
The theory that the brain is like a computer. |
|
|
What is Social Identity Theory? |
A theory that analyses group memberships and social conditions that frame intergroup relations at any given time to understand the social perception of self and others including the processes of - Categorisation - Stereotyping - Prejudice |
|
|
What was the aim of Tajfel's Minimal Group Studies? |
Designed to identify minimal conditions underwhich intergroup discrimination would occur. |
|
|
What did Tajfel find in his Minimal Group Studies? |
- Groups tended to maximise their in-group profit but with a background context of fairness - Beating the outgroup was more important than more profit |
|
|
What is Festinger's social comparison theory? |
People seek a positive identity and positive self-esteem by making upward or downward social comparison |
|
|
What is the accentuation effect? |
When objects are categorised, similarities among members of one category are perceived as greater than they actually are, and differences between members of different categories are perceived to be greater than they actually are |
|
|
What does SIT theorise discrimination is dependent on? |
- Whether participants define themselves as in-group members - Whether outgroup is a relevant comparison group - Whether the comparative dimension is important and relevant to the intergroup comparison |
|
|
What situations vary in-group favouritism? |
- Strength of in-group identification - In-group size relevant to the outgroup - Perceived group threat |
|
|
What is Self-Categorisation Theory? |
A derivative of SIT, SCT analyses the psychological processes underlying group membership |
|
|
What are the levels of SCT? |
- Subordinate (self as an individual) - Intermediate (self as a group member) - Superordinate (self as a human being) |
|
|
What is depersonalisation in SCT? |
- Depersonalisation produces heightened sense of similarity between self and other in-group members - Under these conditions individuals are more likely to self-stereotype as a ‘typical’ group member and to compare their group to a contrasting outgroup - It is this process that makes collective group action possible |
|
|
How does SCT view stereotypes? |
- SCT views categorisation and stereotyping as orienting us to the “actualities of group life” - Stereotypes do not however reflect characteristics of individual members of a group |
|
|
What are the 3 strategies to enhance positive differentiation anddistinctiveness in SIT? |
1. Social mobility 2. Social creativity 3. Social competition |
|
|
What is social mobility? SIT |
- People more likely to believe that social mobility between groups is possible - Intergroup boundaries perceived to be permeable - E.g., people from low status groups can seek more satisfactory and positive social identity through upward social mobility - Is a strategy that improves the positive of the individual but leaves the lower status group’s position unchanged |
|
|
What is social creativity? SIT |
Intergroup comparisons that enhance the ingroup’s identity but without changing the status of groups |
|
|
What is social competition? SIT |
- Legitimacy of status quo questioned - Collective perception that social change is possible - Dominant and subordinate groups compete on dimensions they both value |
|
|
What are some of the issues when measuring the accuracy of stereotypes? |
Are there any disinterested groups or objective ways to measure stereotypes? |
|
|
What is the kernel of truth hypothesis? |
That there may be some truth to stereotypes which makes them so resilient. |
|
|
What did McCauley & Stitt hypothesis about stereotypes after their 1978 study? |
- Concluded therefore that stereotypes seemed to contain more than just a ‘kernel of truth’ - That stereotypes have a basis in the objective nature of social groups that is, they reflect and describe the ‘true’ attributes of group members |
|
|
What are some factors that undermine the kernel of truth hypothesis? |
- Attribute fixed and essentialist qualities to groups and its members - Stereotypes primarily serve and explanatory function as to why African American are less likely to complete high school at the same rate or more likelyto be unemployed - Stereotypes are used as explanatory accounts to explain perceived group differences |
|
|
What is the ultimate attribution error? |
People typically make attributions that favour and protect the group to which they belong (ingroup) and unfavourable attributions for groups to which they do not belong (outgroup) |
|
|
How is ingroup and outgroup behaviour explained according to the ultimate attribution error? |
- Positive outgroup behaviour is likely to be explained away or dismissed as either being due to external situations or the exceptional and thus unrepresentative nature of the ingroup member. - Negative behaviour by an outgroup member will be attributed to stereotypic dispositions and traits that are associated with the outgroup. - This pattern of attributions is completely reversed for ingroup behaviour |
|
|
What was Duncan's 1976 experiment regarding UAE? |
- White college students viewed a videotape where two people, one white, one black, became involved in an argument. Eventually, one of the participants pushes the other. - Duncan found that when the victim was black and the protagonist white, two thirds of the respondents categorised the behaviouras either ‘playingaround’ or being dramatic - In contrast, almost all of the subjects classified the act as ‘violent’ when the victim was white and the protagonist black. |
|
|
What did Taylor & Jaggi (1974) find in their experiment regarding UAE? |
Positive behaviours performed by a Hindu (ingroup) actor were attributed to the actor's disposition, whereas negative behaviours were attributed externally. The opposite pattern was observed when the actor was described as a Muslim. |
|
|
What did Hunter, Stringer & Watson (1991) find in their experiment regarding UAE? |
- Catholic students attributed violent acts committed by Catholics primarily to the situation, but saw acts of violence committed by Protestants as being caused by dispositional factors. - Protestant students behaved the same way. Catholic violence attributed to dispositional traits of Catholics and Protestant violence attributed to the situation |
|
|
What is the Social Representation Theory? |
Emphasises the importance of collective concepts such as culture, ideology and communication and how the individual is primarily and foremost a social being. - The ideas, images, thoughts and knowledge which members of a collective share - Stock of common sense theories about the social world - Comprised of both conceptual and pictorial elements |
|
|
What are the processes that generate social representations? |
1. Anchoring
2. Objectification |
|
|
What is anchoring? |
- The classification and naming of unfamiliar objects or stimuli by comparing them to the stock of culturally accessible categories - Classifying and naming involves comparisons to some prototype - Assignment of names and labels is a nominalistic tendency which not only allows us to understand the object but also to evaluate it (positively or negatively) |
|
|
What is objectification? |
- The process by which unfamiliar and abstract notions and ideas are transformed into concrete and reified things/objects. - Refers to the human tendency to simplify ordistil complex information into a core or ‘figurative nucleus’ of both pictorial (iconic) and cognitive elements. - Many scientific and technological concepts undergo such a transformation as they disseminate into everyday lay usage and discourse. |
|
|
What are Moscovici & Hewstone's (1983) theories of how scientific knowledge becomes socially represented? |
1. Personification of knowledge - Links idea/ theory to a person or group - Einstein with E=mc2 - Freud and psychoanalysis 2. Figuration - The embodiment of an abstract notion by a metaphorical image –e.g., GM food depicted as ‘Frankenstein food’ 3. Ontologising - Imbuing abstract notions with physical properties –e.g., the mind is equated with the brain |
|
|
What is the similarity between attribution theory and SRT? |
Like attribution theory, SRT emphasizes the fundamental human need to understand and explain events in everyday life. |
|
|
What are the two kinds of attributions people make about events or behaviours? |
- Dispositional or person attributions - Situational or contextual attributions |
|
|
What is the fundamental attribution error? |
The tendency to overestimate dispositional attributions at the expense of situational ones |
|
|
What are some explanations for FAE? |
- FAE explained predominantly by cognitive and perceptual factors - Alternative explanation is that it is grounded in an individualistic culture |
|
|
What is the relationship between culture and attributions? |
- Developmental research had noticed a tendency for dispositional attributions to increase with age in western societies - Anthropologists have noticed that non-western peoples place less emphasis on dispositional traits and more emphasis on contextual factors compared to western adults |
|
|
What are the explainations for the cultural differences when it comes to attributions? |
- Young children are limited in their cognitivecapacity to make dispositional attributions because this requires the cognitive competence to generalize behavioural regularities over time. - Non-western adults are less likely to make dispositional categorizations because the cognitive capacity to do so is more likely to be associated with the experiential conditions of complex modernized societies. |
|
|
What are some of the topics discursive psychology is concerned with? |
- How accounts, events and social objects are constructed in text and talk - How social acts such as persuasion, blamings, and justifications are achieved through language - How people work-up or accomplish social identities through talk - How accounts or particular versions of events are constructed and communicated as ‘factual’ - How accounts are organised rhetorically in order to contest or undermine alternative versions |
|
|
What is discursive psychology? |
- Begins with discourse itself: descriptions and accounts of events produced in talk - Objects, events, identities, etc are constructed by the specific words and categories we use to talk about them - Language actively constructs and builds versions of the world |
|
|
What is Conversation Analysis? |
- CA attends to the ways in which participants talk is oriented to the practical concerns of social interaction - How participants treat the interaction, what they treat as relevant, how they display understanding, disagreement, etc in their talk |
|
|
What are the three core principles of discursive psychology? |
1. Discourse is functional 2. Discourse is put together with discursive resources and practices including: - Interpretative repertoires –recurrently used set of metaphors, arguments and terms to describe actions and events - Discursive strategies and devices - used in talk to build accounts as factual, objective and disinterested - Rhetorical common places –clinching arguments premised on common sense notions and idioms 3. Discourse constructs identities for speakers |
|
|
What are the six tools in Hepburn's Reality Production Toolkit? |
1. Category entitlement 2. Stake inoculation 3. Corroboration and consensus 4. Active voicing 5.Vivid description 6. Systematic vagueness |
|
|
What is category entitlement in the Reality Production Toolkit? |
To warrant the validity of a particular view, account, or version of an event, speakers can emphasise their membership or that of others, to a particular category which entitles them to know and speak authoritatively about certain things. |
|
|
What is stake inoculation in the Reality Production Toolkit? |
Speakers can construct their talk as coming from someone whose stake in that talk is counter to what you would expect |
|
|
What is corroboration and consenus in the Reality Production Toolkit? |
Construct your description or account as corroborated by an independent witness, and/or something that everyone agrees on |
|
|
What is active voicing in the Reality Production Toolkit? |
Use reported speech to present views and impressions as a reliable and accurate record of what took place |
|
|
What is vivid description in the Reality Production Toolkit? |
Rich and vivid detail, careful observation and noticing can enhance the reliability of an account or event |
|
|
What is systematic vagueness in the Reality Production Toolkit? |
Descriptions or accounts which are systematically vague about details and particular features draw attention away from one’s own stake or interest in the account. |
