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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are psychological disorders?
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mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and substantial impairment in functioning.
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What is a known fact about psychological disorders?
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1 in 7 people in the US will require professional help for a psychological disorder at some point in their life time.
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What are the criteria for someone to be considered abnormal?
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1. be statistically rare in the individual's culture
2. causes personal distress to the individual 3. be maladaptive 4. represent a danger to themselves or others |
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How many of the abnormal criteria does one have to meet in order to considered abnormal?
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MUST meet 1 out of 4 for a behavior to considered abnormal.
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What is insanity?
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is a legal, not psychological term, that means an individual is not legally responsible for their behavior due to psychological illness or to some other temporary or permanent mental condition
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What is currently used to classify all psychological disorders?
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DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders). published every 10 years that list psychological disorders and criteria for diagnosing
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What is GAD (generalized anxiety disorders)?
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people who are plagued with chronic worry for 6 months or more; more or less constant worry about many issues. worry seriously interferes with functioning
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What are some of the symptoms of GAD?
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headaches, dizziness, tired, irritable, muscle tension, stomach aches, constant sweating
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What is a panic disorder?
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an episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror
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What are the symptoms of panic disorder?
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feeling of dying, chocking/smothering sensations, uncontrollable trembling or shaking, pounding heart
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What are phobias?
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a persistent irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no real danger.
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Which is the most common type of phobia?
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social phobia
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What is social phobia?
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fear of failing or being embarrassed in public; such as public speaking, fears of crowds, meeting new people, eating in public
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What is OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)?
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anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from recurrent obsession, compulsion, or both
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What is obsession?
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is the THOUGHT; a persistent involuntary thought or image
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What is compulsion?
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is the ACTION; persistent irresistible and irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly
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What is PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)?
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follows events that produce intense horror or helpless (traumatic episodes)
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What are the core symptoms of PTSD?
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frequent recollection of traumatic event, ofter intrusive and interfering with normal thoughts; avoidance of situations that trigger recall of the event
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What are mood disorders?
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disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted disturbances in emotion or mood
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What is bipolar disorder?
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a mood disorder in which manic episodes alterate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between
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What are some symptoms of bipolar disorder?
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decrease need for sleep, poor judgment, aggressive behavior, racing speech and thought, increased energy, reckless behavior
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What is depression?
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loss of interest in usual activities, loss of energy, sleeping to much, lack of sleep, over eating, not eating enough, thoughts of death or suicide
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What is major depressive disorder?
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extreme or persistent feelings of great sadness, despair, and hopelessness as well as the loss of the ability to experience pleasure
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What are the EMOTIONAL symptoms of major depressive disorder?
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sadness, hopeless, guilt, turning away from others
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What are the BEHAVIORAL symptoms of major depressive disorder?
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tearfulness, dejected facial expression, loss of interest, slowed movements and gestures, withdrawal from social activities
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What are the COGNITIVE symptoms of major depressive disorder?
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difficulty thinking and concentrating, preoccupation with death/suicide
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What are the PHYSICAL symptoms of major depressive disorder?
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appetite and weight changes, excess or diminished sleep, loss of energy, restlessness
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What is Schizophrenia?
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loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate behavior, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal and/or bizarre behavior
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What are the positive symptoms for Schizophrenia?
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psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people. often "lose touch" with reality that come and go.
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What are examples of positive symptoms for Schizophrenia?
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hallucinations and delusions (false beliefs)
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What are the negative symptoms for Schizophrenia?
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associated with disruptive to normal emotions/behavior. they are harder to recognize as part of the disorder can be mistaken for depression or other conditions.
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What is an example of a negative symptom for Schizophrenia?
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absence of normal cognition or affect
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What is disorganized speech?
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Schizophrenia; examples are over-inclusion and para-logic
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What are delusions of persecution?
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Schizophrenia; paranoia; they are out to get me
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What are delusions of grandeur?
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Schizophrenia; God complex
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What are delusions of being controlled?
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the CIA is controlling my brain with a radio signal
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What are hallucinations?
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hearing or seeing something that is not there; contributes to delusions
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What is command hallucinations?
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voice giving orders
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What is over-inclusion, under disorganized speech?
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jumping from idea to idea without the benefit of logical association.
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What is para-logic, under disorganized speech?
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on the surface, seems logical, but seriously flawed; i.e. Jesus has a beard, I have a beard, therefore I am Jesus
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What is disorganized behavior?
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behaviors are inappropriate for the situation; i.e. wearing sweaters and overcoats on hot days
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What is disorganized affect?
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in appropriate expressions.
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What is flat affect?
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no emotion on face or speech
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What is inappropriate affect?
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laughing at very serious things, crying at funny things
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What is catatonic behavior?
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unresponsive to the environment, usually marked by immobility for extended periods
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What is delusions of persecution?
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PARANOID TYPE; believes others are spying and plotting
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What is delusions of grandeur?
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PARANOID TYPE; believes others are jealous, inferior, subservient
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What is catatonic type?
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unresponsive to surroundings, purposeless movement, parrot-like speech
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What are the disorganized types of Schizophrenia?
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1. delusions, hallucinations with little meaning
2. disorganized speech, behavior |
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What are somatoform and dissociative disorder?
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symptoms that suggest a medical condition, but the medical condition is truly not there.
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What is a hypochondria?
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preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease based on a misinterpretation or bodily sensation
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What is body dysmorphic disorder?
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preoccupation with a specific body part and belief that it is deformed or defective
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What are dissociative disorders?
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a dissociation from/or interruption of a person's fundamental aspects of waking consciousness (personal identity, history, etc)
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What causes dissociative disorder?
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thought to stem form traumatic experience
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What is DID (dissociative identity disorder)?
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a severe condition in which 2 or more distinct identities, personalities states, are present and alternately take control of the individual
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What are some facts of DID?
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it is a controversial disorder; it was also known as multiple personality disorder
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What is dissociative amnesia?
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a blocking out of critical personal information, usually of traumatic or stressful nature. unlike other amnesias are caused by physical trauma.
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What is stress?
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psychological and physiological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaption or adjustment
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What is flight or fight?
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a response to stress in which the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine glands prepare the body to fight or flee
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What is a stressor?
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any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional stress
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What tools can measure major life events?
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the SRRS (social readjustment rating scale)
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What is typically responsible to cause more stress than major life changes?
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the daily hassles
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What are uplifts?
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positive experiences in life. they can neutralize the effects of many of the hassles
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What is the experience of conflict?
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everyday experience suggest conflict can not be avoided in interactions with others
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What is the nature of conflict?
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difficult to define; a struggle for mastery, a combat to overcome, active opposition, strife. involves opposing forces and differing objectives
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What is conflict?
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feeling pulled between 2 opposing desires, motives, or goals
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What is approach-approach, when making choices?
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choosing between two positives situations
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What is avoidance-avoidance, when making choices?
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choosing between two undesirable options
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What is approach-avoidance, when making choices?
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single situation that has both desirable and undesirable options
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What is an example of catastrophic event?
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PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)
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What are some examples that can cause PTSD?
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1. combat / military exposure
2. sexual / physical abuse 3. terrorist attacks 4. serious accidents, MVA 5. natural disasters, tornado |
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What do people with PTSD often have?
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1. flashbacks
2. nightmares 3. intrusive memories, life like 4. increase anxiety |
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What is the general adaptation syndrome?
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the predictable sequences of reactions (stages) that organisms show in response to stressors
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What are the stages for the general adaption syndrome?
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1. alarm
2. resistance 3. exhaustion |
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What occurs during the alarm stage?
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burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation
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What occurs during the resistance stage?
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intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt
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What occurs during the exhaustion stage?
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occurs if an organism falls in its efforts to resist the stressors
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What is coping?
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efforts through action and through deal with demands that perceived as taxing or overwhelming
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What is problem-focused coping?
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direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or eliminating a source of stress
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What is emotion-focused coping?
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a response involving re-appraising of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact
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What is proactive coping?
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measures taken in advance to prevent or minimize consequences of stress
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What are some approaches to encompass wellness?
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lifestyles, preventative care, and the need to maintain wellness
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What is health psychology?
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devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when ill
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What are some health illness that are caused by stress?
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coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking
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Who is Sigmund Freud?
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physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist, and is known as the "father" of psychoanalysis
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What is personality?
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a person's characteristics patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling that distinguishes one person from another
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What are personality theories?
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theories that try to explain how our personality develops and why we're different
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What are the level of awareness in consciousness?
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preconscious, conscious, and unconscious
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What is preconscious?
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thoughts, feelings, and memories that can be accessed and become available at anytime
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What is conscious?
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thoughts, feelings, and memories present and available. info can move freely between the preconscious and conscious
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What is unconscious?
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primary motivating force of human behavior that is not accessible freely
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What is free association?
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Freud's technique to discover crucial memories by speaking freely
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What is dream interpretation?
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Freud's technique in defining a dream as a disguised fulfillment
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What are the divisions of personality?
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id, ego, and superego
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What is the ID?
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functions in the irrational and emotional mind. it is present at birth, seeks instant gratification, and is the pleasure principle
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What is the Ego?
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functions with rational mind. it develops between 2 to 3 years and is the reality principle
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What is the Superego?
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last to develop, between 4 to 5 year and its the moral part of the mind.
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What is the Ego Ideal?
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feeling of pride and satisfaction
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What is the conscience?
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feeling of guilt
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What is a defense mechanism?
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the body's failure to respond to anxiety as problem-solving and rational ways of escaping the situation
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What is denial?
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claiming / believing that what is true is actually false
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What is displacement?
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redirecting emotions to a substitute target
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What is projection?
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attributing uncomfortable feelings to others
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What is rationalization?
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creating false but credible justifications
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What is regression?
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going back to acting as a child (usually occurs during a traumatic event)
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What is repression?
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pushing uncomfortable events to the unconscious (most frequently used in defense mechanism)
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What is sex instinct?
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present at birth, develops through a series of psychosexual stages
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What is the oral stage?
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(first 18 months) infants derives pleasure through the mouth. under/over gratification will develop bad habits
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What is the anal stage?
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(18 mo to 3 yrs)child receiving pleasure from either releasing or holding-in feces
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What is the phallic stage?
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(3 to 6 yrs) boys and girls focusing on the penis. girls are supposed penis envy.
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What is the Oedipus complex, under the phallic stage?
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little boys having sexual desire for their mothers
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What is the Electra complex, under the phallic stage?
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little girls have sexual desire for their dads
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What is the latency stage?
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(6 to puberty) sexual desires are repressed. friends and school are important
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What is the genital stage?
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(puberty to adult) sexual desires revisit, but towards the opposite sex
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What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
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physiological needs, safety / security needs, love and beloging, self-esteem and approval, and self actualization
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What is Rogers' Self theory?
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the individual perception or image of themselves based on life experiences
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What is positive self concept?
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think, act, and feel optimistically and constructively
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What is negative self concept?
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think, act, and feel pessimistically and destructively
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What is the real self concept?
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based on experiences and reflects how we REALLY see ourselves
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What is the ideal self concept?
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based on who we would LIKE to be
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What is positive regard?
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the need of feel appreciated and valid
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What are examples of positive regard?
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love, sympathy, warmth, accepted, respected
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Who came up with the trait theories?
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Gordon Allport
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What is the cardinal trait?
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rare, but is the trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior
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What is the central trait?
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general characteristic found in some degree in every person (i.e. honesty)
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What is the secondary trait?
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characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (only a close friend would know)
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What did Raymond Cattell develop?
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the 16 pf personality profile
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What are the big 5 personalities?
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Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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Which personality inventories is widely used in the U.S.?
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MMPI-II (minnesota multiphasic personality inventory)
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What is the MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator)?
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useful for measuring normal individual differences
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Where is the MBTI widely used by?
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companies, marriage counseling, personal development
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What is the Roschach inkblot test?
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series of inkblots and patients are asked to describe
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What is the Thematic Apperception test?
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serious of pictures of people in ambiguous situations and patients are asked to describe
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