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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience |
Learning |
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Learning of the association between stimuli |
Classical conditioning |
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Learning the consequences of behavior |
Operant conditioning |
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We learn by |
Association |
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In _______we learn to associate one stimuli with another just like we see lightning, and we anticipate thunder. |
Classical conditioning |
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In _____ We are associate a response with a consequence therefore when I see your balance is a ball on it snows, it will receive food and as a result will strengthen that behavior |
Operant conditioning |
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Was a student of Socrates who believed that everything we knew is inborn and that learning was simply a process of uncovering knowledge that already existed within (nativism) |
Plato |
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Was a student of Plato and was the first philosopher to describe learning as a way of achieving knowledge which is acquired through experience (empiricism) |
Aristotle |
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Events that are similar to each other and are readily associated with each other |
Similarity |
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Events that are opposite from each other and are also readily associated |
Contrast |
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Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time are also readily associated |
Contiguity |
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The more frequently to events occur together the more strongly they are associated |
Frequency |
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Believe that human behavior had to organs the mind and body dualism |
Descartes |
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Produced automatically in response to external stimulation |
Involuntary behaviors |
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That are freely chosen and our directed by the processes of the mind |
Voluntary behaviors |
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Disputed the dualism of descartes and maintained that very little knowledge is in one and then almost all knowledge is gained as a function of experience |
The British empiricists |
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John Locke proposed that the mind is born as a blank slate upon which environmental experiences are written |
Tabula rasa |
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The assumption that it is possible to determine the structure of mine by identifying the basic elements that compose it |
Structuralism |
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Who came up with structuralism |
Wilhelm wundt and Edward titchener |
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The method used by structuralist to uncover the molecules of the mind |
Introspection |
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Occurs when subjects attempt to accurately describe their conscious thoughts emotions and sensory experiences |
Introspection |
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The believe that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us and that the focus of the science of psychology should be to study those adapters processes |
Functionalism |
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Who came up with functionalism |
William James |
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The concept of individuals in species are capable of adapting to environmental pressures through genetic mutation and that the passing on of these adaptive mutations to their progeny increases their survivability |
Natural selection |
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Who came up with natural selection |
Charles Darwin |
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Was developed in direct opposition to structuralism and the method of introspection |
Behaviorism |
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It is impossible to directly observe another persons thoughts or feelings therefore in order to get around this barrier ________ Tried to make psychology purely objective science-based exclusively on the study of overt behavior in the environmental events surrounding it |
John Watson |
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Something that can be studied even though it may never actually be seen |
Operationalized |
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The existence of internal events that might mediate between the environment and behavior |
Intervening variables |
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Is there school of behaviorism that uses intervening variables in the form of hypothesized psychological processes to explain behavior |
Neobehaviorism |
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Like Watson ______ Believe that all learning occurred because of the establishment of connections between stimuli and responses |
Hull |
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Believed that behavior with the product brain cognitive processes intervening between the environment and behavior |
Tolman |
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The mental representation of the individuals spatial surroundings |
Cognitive map |
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Tillman provided evidence of the existence of cognitive maps through the study of |
Latent learning |
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Is a cognitive behavioral approach that emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables explaining human behavior |
Social learning theory |
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Vander’s idea the environmental events, observable behavior and internal personal variables interact with each other in a reciprocal manner that is known as |
Reciprocal determinism |
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BF Skinner emphasize the importance of the environment and observable behavior, rejects the use of internal events in the explanation of behavior, and you thoughts and feelings as behaviors that, themselves, need to be explained |
Radical behaviorism |
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That which is manipulated in an experiment |
Independent variable |
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What is measured in an experiment |
Dependent variable |
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Changes in the dependent variable are ______ On changes in the independent variable |
Dependent |
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The relationship between changes in the independent variable and changes in the independent variable |
Functional relationship |
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Any event that could potential influence behavior |
Stimulus or stimuli |
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Any particular instance of behavior that can be observed and or measured |
Response |
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Behavior that has a potential for being observed by any individual other than the one exhibiting the behavior |
Overt behavior |
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Favorite I can be observed only by the pursing exiting the behavior behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observed |
Covert behavior |
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An event that an organism will seek out or approach |
Appetitive stimulus |
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An event an organism will avoid |
Aversive stimulus |
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A procedure that affects or establishes the apetitiveness or a aversiveness of a stimulus |
Establishing operation |
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The pro long absence of an event which often increases the aperitiveness of the event |
Deprivation |
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The prolonged exposure to an event which decreases the appetitiveness of the event |
Satiation |
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The establishing operations for changing aversiveness have an event or not as simple |
Phobias |
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The closeness of an event generally as closeness in time |
Continuity |
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Closeness in space |
Spatial contiguity |
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The predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other |
Contingency |
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Behavioral definitions should be |
Objective and unambiguous |
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Responses per minute |
Rate of response |
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A classic device that provides a graphic deception of rate of response |
Cumulative recorder |
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The length of time in organism repeatedly or continuously performs a behavior |
Duration |
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How quickly your behavior occurs, or the rapidity process over some travel distance |
Speed |
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Is the length of time required for a behavior to begin |
Latency |
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Involves the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs during each interval within a set of continuous intervals |
Interval recording |
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Involves the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs during each interval within a series of discontinuous intervals |
Time sample recording |
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The actual physical form of the behavior (which hand is used) |
Topography |
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Sometimes we are just interested in whether her behavior is correct or not in this case we would look at |
Number of errors |
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Involves the systematic observation and recording and it’s natural environment |
Naturalistic observation |
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Involves the extensive examination of one or possibly a few cases usually over a prolonged period of time |
Case studies |
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Involve the random assignment of subject to a treatment group and the assessment of changes in some dependent measures as a function of the manipulation of the treatment |
Between groups design |
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Allow the assessment of changes in a dependent variable as a function of changes in an independent variable which each subject services her own control, and in which each subject to receive every level of the independent variable |
Within subjects design |
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A relatively simple automatic response to a stimulus |
Reflex |
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Is an involuntary defensive action towards the sudden unexpected stimulus |
Startle response |
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Is the automatic positioning of the body to facilitate attending to a stimulus |
Orienting response |
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Attack on the newborns cheek will cause orientation of the mouth to the nipple |
Rooting reflex |
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Is actually a two stage reflects first in the expression stage, when the nipple touch as newborns pallet it will press it between tongue and palate to enable drying out milk. Second in the milking stage the infants tongue moved from the areola to the nipple coaxing out milk |
Suckling reflects |
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There is only one snaps is between the sensory neuron in the motor neuron |
Monosynaptic reflex arc |
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Has two or more interneurons functioning as an integration center acting on input from multiple sensory neurons and from the brain |
Polysynaptic reflexes arc |
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A complex behavior made up of a fixed sequence of responses that is elicited by a specific stimulus is known as |
Fixed action pattern |
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Fixed action pattern can also be known as |
Species specific behavior or instinctual behavior |
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The specific stimulus that initiates a fixed action pattern is called a |
Sign stimulus or releaser |
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The decrease in strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus |
Habituation |
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The increase in strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus |
Sensitization |
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Is habituation that occurs to some stimulus that is repeated relatively frequently in time in a single session |
Short term habituation |
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Is habituation that occurs to some stimulus that is repeated after substantive time intervals |
Long-term habituation |