Psychology Of Learning Exam 1

Front 1

Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Learning of the association between stimuli

Back 2

Classical conditioning

Front 3

Learning the consequences of behavior

Back 3

Operant conditioning

Front 4

We learn by

Back 4

Association

Front 5

In _______we learn to associate one stimuli with another just like we see lightning, and we anticipate thunder.

Back 5

Classical conditioning

Front 6

In _____ We are associate a response with a consequence therefore when I see your balance is a ball on it snows, it will receive food and as a result will strengthen that behavior

Back 6

Operant conditioning

Front 7

Was a student of Socrates who believed that everything we knew is inborn and that learning was simply a process of uncovering knowledge that already existed within (nativism)

Back 7

Plato

Front 8

Was a student of Plato and was the first philosopher to describe learning as a way of achieving knowledge which is acquired through experience (empiricism)

Back 8

Aristotle

Front 9

Events that are similar to each other and are readily associated with each other

Back 9

Similarity

Front 10

Events that are opposite from each other and are also readily associated

Back 10

Contrast

Front 11

Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time are also readily associated

Back 11

Contiguity

Front 12

The more frequently to events occur together the more strongly they are associated

Back 12

Frequency

Front 13

Believe that human behavior had to organs the mind and body dualism

Back 13

Descartes

Front 14

Produced automatically in response to external stimulation

Back 14

Involuntary behaviors

Front 15

That are freely chosen and our directed by the processes of the mind

Back 15

Voluntary behaviors

Front 16

Disputed the dualism of descartes and maintained that very little knowledge is in one and then almost all knowledge is gained as a function of experience

Back 16

The British empiricists

Front 17

John Locke proposed that the mind is born as a blank slate upon which environmental experiences are written

Back 17

Tabula rasa

Front 18

The assumption that it is possible to determine the structure of mine by identifying the basic elements that compose it

Back 18

Structuralism

Front 19

Who came up with structuralism

Back 19

Wilhelm wundt and Edward titchener

Front 20

The method used by structuralist to uncover the molecules of the mind

Back 20

Introspection

Front 21

Occurs when subjects attempt to accurately describe their conscious thoughts emotions and sensory experiences

Back 21

Introspection

Front 22

The believe that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us and that the focus of the science of psychology should be to study those adapters processes

Back 22

Functionalism

Front 23

Who came up with functionalism

Back 23

William James

Front 24

The concept of individuals in species are capable of adapting to environmental pressures through genetic mutation and that the passing on of these adaptive mutations to their progeny increases their survivability

Back 24

Natural selection

Front 25

Who came up with natural selection

Back 25

Charles Darwin

Front 26

Was developed in direct opposition to structuralism and the method of introspection

Back 26

Behaviorism

Front 27

It is impossible to directly observe another persons thoughts or feelings therefore in order to get around this barrier ________ Tried to make psychology purely objective science-based exclusively on the study of overt behavior in the environmental events surrounding it

Back 27

John Watson

Front 28

Something that can be studied even though it may never actually be seen

Back 28

Operationalized

Front 29

The existence of internal events that might mediate between the environment and behavior

Back 29

Intervening variables

Front 30

Is there school of behaviorism that uses intervening variables in the form of hypothesized psychological processes to explain behavior

Back 30

Neobehaviorism

Front 31

Like Watson ______ Believe that all learning occurred because of the establishment of connections between stimuli and responses

Back 31

Hull

Front 32

Believed that behavior with the product brain cognitive processes intervening between the environment and behavior

Back 32

Tolman

Front 33

The mental representation of the individuals spatial surroundings

Back 33

Cognitive map

Front 34

Tillman provided evidence of the existence of cognitive maps through the study of

Back 34

Latent learning

Front 35

Is a cognitive behavioral approach that emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables explaining human behavior

Back 35

Social learning theory

Front 36

Vander’s idea the environmental events, observable behavior and internal personal variables interact with each other in a reciprocal manner that is known as

Back 36

Reciprocal determinism

Front 37

BF Skinner emphasize the importance of the environment and observable behavior, rejects the use of internal events in the explanation of behavior, and you thoughts and feelings as behaviors that, themselves, need to be explained

Back 37

Radical behaviorism

Front 38

That which is manipulated in an experiment

Back 38

Independent variable

Front 39

What is measured in an experiment

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Dependent variable

Front 40

Changes in the dependent variable are ______ On changes in the independent variable

Back 40

Dependent

Front 41

The relationship between changes in the independent variable and changes in the independent variable

Back 41

Functional relationship

Front 42

Any event that could potential influence behavior

Back 42

Stimulus or stimuli

Front 43

Any particular instance of behavior that can be observed and or measured

Back 43

Response

Front 44

Behavior that has a potential for being observed by any individual other than the one exhibiting the behavior

Back 44

Overt behavior

Front 45

Favorite I can be observed only by the pursing exiting the behavior behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observed

Back 45

Covert behavior

Front 46

An event that an organism will seek out or approach

Back 46

Appetitive stimulus

Front 47

An event an organism will avoid

Back 47

Aversive stimulus

Front 48

A procedure that affects or establishes the apetitiveness or a aversiveness of a stimulus

Back 48

Establishing operation

Front 49

The pro long absence of an event which often increases the aperitiveness of the event

Back 49

Deprivation

Front 50

The prolonged exposure to an event which decreases the appetitiveness of the event

Back 50

Satiation

Front 51

The establishing operations for changing aversiveness have an event or not as simple

Back 51

Phobias

Front 52

The closeness of an event generally as closeness in time

Back 52

Continuity

Front 53

Closeness in space

Back 53

Spatial contiguity

Front 54

The predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other

Back 54

Contingency

Front 55

Behavioral definitions should be

Back 55

Objective and unambiguous

Front 56

Responses per minute

Back 56

Rate of response

Front 57

A classic device that provides a graphic deception of rate of response

Back 57

Cumulative recorder

Front 58

The length of time in organism repeatedly or continuously performs a behavior

Back 58

Duration

Front 59

How quickly your behavior occurs, or the rapidity process over some travel distance

Back 59

Speed

Front 60

Is the length of time required for a behavior to begin

Back 60

Latency

Front 61

Involves the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs during each interval within a set of continuous intervals

Back 61

Interval recording

Front 62

Involves the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs during each interval within a series of discontinuous intervals

Back 62

Time sample recording

Front 63

The actual physical form of the behavior (which hand is used)

Back 63

Topography

Front 64

Sometimes we are just interested in whether her behavior is correct or not in this case we would look at

Back 64

Number of errors

Front 65

Involves the systematic observation and recording and it’s natural environment

Back 65

Naturalistic observation

Front 66

Involves the extensive examination of one or possibly a few cases usually over a prolonged period of time

Back 66

Case studies

Front 67

Involve the random assignment of subject to a treatment group and the assessment of changes in some dependent measures as a function of the manipulation of the treatment

Back 67

Between groups design

Front 68

Allow the assessment of changes in a dependent variable as a function of changes in an independent variable which each subject services her own control, and in which each subject to receive every level of the independent variable

Back 68

Within subjects design

Front 69

A relatively simple automatic response to a stimulus

Back 69

Reflex

Front 70

Is an involuntary defensive action towards the sudden unexpected stimulus

Back 70

Startle response

Front 71

Is the automatic positioning of the body to facilitate attending to a stimulus

Back 71

Orienting response

Front 72

Attack on the newborns cheek will cause orientation of the mouth to the nipple

Back 72

Rooting reflex

Front 73

Is actually a two stage reflects first in the expression stage, when the nipple touch as newborns pallet it will press it between tongue and palate to enable drying out milk. Second in the milking stage the infants tongue moved from the areola to the nipple coaxing out milk

Back 73

Suckling reflects

Front 74

There is only one snaps is between the sensory neuron in the motor neuron

Back 74

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Front 75

Has two or more interneurons functioning as an integration center acting on input from multiple sensory neurons and from the brain

Back 75

Polysynaptic reflexes arc

Front 76

A complex behavior made up of a fixed sequence of responses that is elicited by a specific stimulus is known as

Back 76

Fixed action pattern