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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Language |
A system of symbols and rules that enable us to communicatie |
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Semantics |
The study of meaning |
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Syntax |
The study of word order |
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Morphology |
The study of words and word formation Smaller than syntax |
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Pragmatics |
The study of language uge |
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Phonetics |
The study of raw sound |
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Phonology |
The study of how sounds are used within a language |
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What is the difference between a word and a morpheme? |
Word is not particularly a morpheme, might have morphemes. Morpheme is a small part, which can be a word on its own but doesn’t have to |
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Types vs. Tokens |
“Mama mama mama” ^ 3 woorden ^ 1 type ^ 3 tokens |
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Lemma |
Dictionairy form. “Dog” is lemma, but “Dogless” is not. Lemma vs. Base words: some combinations of base words are not transparent and therefore have their own dictionary definition. |
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Semanticity |
Language can communicatie meaning. Specific signals can be assigned specific meaning. |
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Charles Hockett’s Design Features of Language |
Semanticity Arbitrariness Discreteness Displacement Double articulation/duality of patterning Generativity Recursion |
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Arbitrariness |
No necessary relationship between actual objects or events in the world and the symbols that a language uses to represent those objects/events Onomatopoeia = the imitation of sound |
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Discreteness |
Components of language are organized into a set of distinct categories, with clear-cut boundaries between different categories. |
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Displacement |
We can use language to refer to things which are not here. Spatial displacement out of sight Temporary displacement event that has not yet taken place or has already been |
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Double articulation / duality of patterning |
We simultaneously perceive language stimuli in different ways; for example, as a collection of phonemes and as a set of words |
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Generativity |
Language has fixed number of symbols, but very large number of messages that can be created by combining those symbols in different patterns. Funestimia: there is a relationship between sound and language (glowing, gleaming, etc.) |
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Components of language |
Phonemes smallest unit of sound that may cause a change of meaning within a language, but that doesn’t have meaning by itself. Phonemes correspond to the sounds of the alphabet but there’s not always a one-to-one relationship. (D-o-G & Sh-a-p) Syllables Morphemes smallest meaningful unit of language. Can change meaning of word. Free morphemes and bound morphemes: dog+s = free+bound Words Phrases/Clauses Sentences |
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Stored (lexicon) |
The part of long-term memory that stores Information about words |
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Generated (grammar) |
Grammar tells us how to combine the symbols to create the appropriate signals |
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Stored (lexicon) |
The part of long-term memory that stores Information about words |
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Generated (grammar) |
Grammar tells us how to combine the symbols to create the appropriate signals |
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Descriptive grammar |
Systematic rules that determine how people actually speak |
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Prescriptive grammar |
Grammar of (school)rules |
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3 crucial functions of grammar |
1. Order adjectives before nouns 2. Agreement girls like, not girls likes. In English we have number agreement 3. Case marketing words must appear in particular forms depending on what grammatical functions they fulfill. SOV = Subject - Object - Verb |
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Misconceptions about grammar.. |
1. Never end a sentence with a preposition 2. There can only be one main verb in a clause 3. Verbs go in the middle |
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Recursion |
To place a component inside another component at the same time (a sentence inside another sentence) Give me the nails that we bought |
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Effects of recursion |
- It allows the expression of very complex concepts - It removes any upper limit on the length of a sentence |
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Language biogram hypothesis |
A gene is either responsible for instilling some aspects of grammar or the gene effects those parts of the brain which normally are involved in language. Evidence: studies of creoles, studies of individuals with selective language impairment (SLI) |
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity hypothesis |
Continuity hypothesis Modern human language results from quantitative changes to more primitive Communication systems Advantage: we can apply general ideas about adaption and natural selection the development of human language, the same way we apply those ideas to other characteristics of humans
Discontinuity hypothesis Modern human language is qualitatively different from more primitive Communication systems Challenges: to identify language abilities that exist in humans but no other species and to explain how the gap between human language abilities and more primitive Communication systems was crossed. |
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Language biogram hypothesis |
A gene is either responsible for instilling some aspects of grammar or the gene effects those parts of the brain which normally are involved in language. Evidence: studies of creoles, studies of individuals with selective language impairment (SLI) |
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity hypothesis |
Continuity hypothesis Modern human language results from quantitative changes to more primitive Communication systems Advantage: we can apply general ideas about adaption and natural selection the development of human language, the same way we apply those ideas to other characteristics of humans
Discontinuity hypothesis Modern human language is qualitatively different from more primitive Communication systems Challenges: to identify language abilities that exist in humans but no other species and to explain how the gap between human language abilities and more primitive Communication systems was crossed. |
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Classical Conditioning |
Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex. Focuses on automatic behavior |
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Operant conditioning |
Applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior. Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors |
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Studies of primates |
Diana monkeys Response to eagle call is muted following eagle warning. Response to Jaguar growl is extreme agitation. Evidence of semanticity?
Bonobos Kanzi: makes different vocalizations in the context of different objects. Mountain gorillas Koko learned to make signs Chimpanzees Nim Chimpsky never learned to talk; did learn to make signs |
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Difference between apes and humans |
-univeral acquisition in children; variable acquisition in apes -children experiment and innovate; apes copy -children babble; apes don’t -as utterances grow longer: In children: grammar becomes more complex In apes: signs are repeated -humans use words to comment and express intentions -apes use signs as tool to get things -humans apply grammatical rules consistently; apes apply them inconsistently -apes interrupt far more than humans |
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Can apes learn human language? |
Yes. Limited to the here and now, little or no syntax, and explicitly taught material. No. Can’t reject bad sentences. Exclude the use of Q’s, plus sentences aren’t always grammatical correct Apes learn some type of protolanguage |
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When did modern language emerge? |
1. Homo sapiens had the ability to speak but their speech would not have been as refined as modern human speech. 2. Not from Homo Sapiens because the ancestors and apes lack the neural systems necessary for fine breathing Contro |
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Proto-word hypothesis |
Word-like units > a.. is danger, aaa=pleasure Naming insight > cow = moo |
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John Watson, Skinner |
“Thought is basically sub-vocal speech”.
Experiment: injection, 15 min paralyzed, clear as a bell whole time. Conclusion: You can have language without thought so they must be at least partially independent. |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
Linguistic determinism language determines thought No convincing evidence: we don’t exclusively think in language, nor does the language we speak prevent us from thinking any thoughts or making perceptual and conceptual distinctions Linguistic relativity speakers of different languages think differently Some compelling evidence: language can make it easier to make certain perceptual and conceptual distinctions |
Linguistic determinism Linguistic relatively |
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Emotion and color perception are similar worldwide, even when languages are different |
Evidence for this: Orientation (left or north?) Gender (it is soft or she is soft?) Time (time is in front of us or below us?) |
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The structure and lexicon of one’s language influences how one perceives and conceptualizes the world, and They do in a systematic way |
Two related problems: -circularity -thinking for speaking when required to give a verbal response (describing a visual scène), speakers cannot escape attending to the conceptual distinctions speaking their language requires them to make |
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Russian speakers discriminate shades of blue faster when They have different labels |
Evidence that language affects low-level visual processing, even when task-irrelevant |
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Frames Of Reference typology |
Relative the fork is left of spoon Absolute fork is north of spoon Intrinsic fork is at nose of spoon |
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Absolute FoR |
Relies on cardinal directions |
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Does the way spatial relations in one’s language are coded affect one’s non-linguistic cognition? |
Experimental evidence |
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