Psychology Of Gender

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Androgynous

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Term describing one who incorporates both masculine and feminine qualities.

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Bisexuals

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Individuals who accept other-sex and same-sex individuals as sexual partners.

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Constructionists

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People with the perspective that gender cannot be divorced from its context.

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Cross-sex-typed

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Condition of possessing the biological traits of one sex but exhibiting the psychological traits that correspond with the other sex.

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Feminine

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Description of trait, behavior, or interest assigned to the female gender role.

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Feminism

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Belief that men and women should be treated equally.

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Gender

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Term used to refer to the social categories of male and female.

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Gender culture

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Each society’s or culture’s conceptualization of gender roles.

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Gender identity/gender-role identity

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One’s perception of oneself as psychologically male or female.

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Gender role

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Expectations that go along with being male or female.

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Gender-role attitude

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One’s personal view about how men and women should behave.

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Heterosexuals

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Individuals who prefer other-sex sexual partners.

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Homosexuals

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Individuals who prefer same-sex sexual partners.

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Interrole conflict

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Experience of conflict between expectations of two or more roles that are assumed simultaneously.

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Intersex

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A person who is born with ambiguous genitalia.

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Intrarole conflict

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Experience of conflict between expectations within a given role.

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Masculine

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Description of a trait, behavior, or interest assigned to the male gender role.

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Maximalists

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Persons who maintain there are important differences between the two sexes.

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Minimalists

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Persons who maintain the two sexes are fundamentally the same.

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Role

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Social position accompanied by a set of norms or expectations.

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Sex

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Term used to refer to the biological categories of male and female.

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Sex discrimination

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Behavioral component of one’s attitude toward men and women that involves differential treatment of people based on their biological sex.

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Sexism

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Affective component of one’s attitude toward sex characterized by demonstration of prejudice toward people based on their sex.

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Sex-related behavior

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Behavior that corresponds to sex but is not necessarily caused by sex.

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Sex stereotype/gender-role stereotype

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Cognitive component of one’s attitude toward sex.

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Sex-typed

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Condition of possessing the biological traits of one sex and exhibiting the psychological traits that correspond with that sex.

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Sex typing

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Acquisition of sex-appropriate preferences, behaviors, skills, and self-concept. (i.e., the acquisition of gender roles).

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Sexual orientation

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Preference to have other-sex or same-sex persons as sexual partners.

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Transgender

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Descriptive term referring to an individual whose psychological sex is not congruent with their biological sex.

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Transsexuals

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Persons whose biological sex have been changed surgically to reflect their psychological sex.

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Empiricism

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Information is collected via one of the four senses.

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Data

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Information Collected

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Facts

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statements about data or observations

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Theory

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an abstract generalization that explains a collection of facts

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Hypothesis

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prediction of a certain outcome that will occur based on a set of conditions

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Correlational Study

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when you study/ observe the relation between two variables normally at the same time

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Positive Correlation

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when the results are showing both variables increasing or decreasing together

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Negative Correlation

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when the results show one variable increasing while the other decreases

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Selection Bias

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when the people in a study are not representative of the whole population you are trying to generalize

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Randomly Select/Sample

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each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the study

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Self-role discrepancy theory

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The strain that arises when we fail to live up to the gender role society has constructed.

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Sex-typed

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Exhibiting the gender-role characteristics that correspond with our sex.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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When people’s beliefs influence their actions toward a target in a way such that the target comes to confirm their beliefs

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Gender-role strain

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Tension that develops when the expectations that accompany one’s gender role have negative consequences for the individual.

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Cross-sex-typed

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Exhibiting gender-role characteristics that correspond with the other sex.

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Androgyny

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Displaying both masculine and feminine traits.

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Social constructionists

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People who believe that masculinity and femininity are categories constructed by society and that each society may have a different definition of masculinity and femininity.

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Socialized dysfunctional characteristics theory

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Inherently dysfunctional personality characteristics that are fundamental to the gender roles instilled by society.

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Unmitigated agency

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Personality orientation characterized by a focus on the self to the exclusion of others.

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Unmitigated communion

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Personality orientation characterized by a focus on others to the exclusion of the self in an experiment influenced your behavior.

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Backlash effect

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The penalty that is imposed on people for counter stereotypical behavior.

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Benevolent discrimination

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Providing more help to women than men with the notion that women are less competent than men and are in need of men’s help. Legitimizes women’s inferior position; however, is difficult to reject because it is beneficial to women, social norms dictate that one should accept help graciously and it is difficult to explain why help is being rejected.

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Benevolent sexism

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Positive feelings toward women coupled with the notion that women are less competent than men and are in need of men’s help. Provides justification for the high-status group (men) to exploit the low-status group (women), but in positive terms that the low-status group can endorse. (i.e. women need men to take care of them)

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Category-based expectencies

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Assumptions about individuals based on characteristics of general categories to which they belong.

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Correspondent inference theory

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Idea that people are more likely to make dispositional attributions for behavior that is unique or extreme rather than normative.

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Egalitarian gender ideology

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Maintains that power is distributed equally between men and women and that men and women identify equally with the same spheres.

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Gender ideologies

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Attitudes toward men’s and women’s roles.

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Gender-role stereotypes

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Features that individuals assign to men and women in their society; features not assigned due to one’s biological sex, but due to the social roles men and women hold.

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Homophobia

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A negative attitude toward homosexuals.

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Hostile sexism

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Feelings of hostility toward women reflected by negative assumptions about women, but in particular those who challenge the traditional female role. Maintains a position that men are dominant and superior over women.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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Situation in which expectations influence behavior toward someone so that the person behaves in a way to confirm our expectations.

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Sexism

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Feeling toward people based on their sex alone.

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Shifting standard

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Idea that there is one standard for defining the behavior of one group, but another standard for defining the behavior of another group.

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Target-based expectancies

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Perceptions of a person based on individual information about that person.

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Traditional gender ideology

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Maintains that men’s sphere is work and women’s sphere is home.

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Transitional gender ideology

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Maintains that it is acceptable for women and men to identify with the same spheres, but women should devote proportionately more time to matters at home and men should devote proportionately more time to work.

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Transphobia

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Negative attitude toward transgendered people.

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Confirmatory hypothesis testing

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Process of noticing information that confirms stereotypes and disregarding information that disconfirms stereotypes.

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Construct validity

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Evidence that a scientific instrument measures what it was intended to measure.

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Effect size

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Size of a difference that has been found in a study.

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Empathy

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Ability to experience the same emotion as another person or feel sympathy or compassion for another person.

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File-drawer problem

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Difficulty encountered when compiling a review of scientific literature because studies showing null results are unlikely to be published.

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Gender intensification

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Concern on the part of girls and boys with adherence to gender roles; applies to adolescence.

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Meta-analysis

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Statistical tool that quantifies the results of a group of studies.

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Moderating variable

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Variable that alters the relation between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

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Morality of responsibility (care orientation)

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Moral reasoning that emphasizes connections to others, responsibilities, and others’ feelings.

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Morality of rights (justice orientation)

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Moral reasoning that emphasizes separation from others, rights, rules, and standards of justice.

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Narrative review

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Review of scientific literature in which the authors reach their own conclusions about whether the majority of studies provide evidence for or against the topic of the review (e.g., sex differences).

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Androgens

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the male sex hormone (ex. testosterone)

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Androgyny

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Incorporation of both traditionally masculine and feminine qualities into one’s self-concept

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Behavioral confirmation

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Process by which a perceiver’s expectation actually alters the target’s behavior so the target comes to confirm the perceiver’s expectancy

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Cognitive confirmation

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Idea that individuals see what they want to see

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Estrogens

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female sex hormones

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Gender aschematic

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Someone who does not use the gender category as a guiding principle in behavior or as a way of processing information about the world

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Gender constancy

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Categorization of the self as male or female and the realization that this category cannot be changed

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Gender identity

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a sense of one’s psychological sense of self, whether that be male or female.

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Gender schematic

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Someone who uses the gender category as a guiding principle in behavior and as a way of processing information about the world

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Heterosexual script

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a set of three themes that reflect society’s guidelines for gender behavior: sexual double standards, courtship behavior, and commitment

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Intersex conditions

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conditions in which there is some inconsistency between the individual’s chromosomal sex and phenotypical sex

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Lateralization

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localization of an ability in one hemisphere of the brain

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Masculine mystique

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Image of masculinity upheld by society that consists of toughness, dominance, emotional detachment, callousness toward women, eagerness to seek out danger, and competition

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Proactive aggression

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an unprovoked, planned, goal-directed, and socially motivated behavior

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Reactive aggression

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an angry, impulsive response to threat or provocation more clearly tied to the frustration- aggression hypothesis

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Schema

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Category that contains information about the features of the category as well as its associations with other categories

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Self-monitoring

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Variable that describes the extent to which one is more concerned with self-presentation or self-verification

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Self-presentation

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Concern individuals have with how their behavior appears to others

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Self-verification

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Concern individuals have with behaving in ways consistent with their self-concepts

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Social cognitive theory

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States that cognitive development is one factor in gender-role acquisition, but there are social influences as well

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Achievement motive

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Stable personality characteristic that reflects the tendency to strive for success.

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Attribution

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Cause assigned to a behavior.

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Collective interdependence

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Connection to others derived from group membership.

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Entity theory (of competence)

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Belief that competence is due to fixed ability and cannot be changed.

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Expectancy/value model of achievement

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Theory that achievement-related choices are a function of our expectancy for success and our value of the area.

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External attribution

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Cause assigned to a behavior that originates in the environment.

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Fear of success

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Association of negative consequences with achievement.

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Independent self-construal

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Sense of self based on independence, individuation, and separation from others.

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Interdependent self-construal

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Sense of self based on connection to others

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Internal attribution

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Cause assigned to a behavior that originates within the person.

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Relational interdependence

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Emphasis on close relationships

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Self-serving bias

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The tendency to assign internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure.

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Stable attribution

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Cause for a behavior that does not change over time.

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Stereotype threat

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Theory that activating the female stereotype hinders women’s performance.

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Unstable attribution

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Cause for a behavior that may change with time, day, or place.