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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wilhem Wundt |
Father of Psychology. First experiments |
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Structuralism |
Introspection. Breaking down consciousness into basic elements. (Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener) |
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Functionalism |
Discover the function of consciousness. Stream of Consciousness; Environmental Adaptation (William James) |
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Edward Titchener |
Wundt's student who developed Introspection |
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Mary Whiten Calkins |
First woman to fulfill Ph.D requirements for psychology but didn't receive one. |
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Margaret Floy Washburn |
First woman to earn Ph.D in Psychology |
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John B Watson and BF Skinner |
Dismissed introspection and defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior |
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Freudian Psychology |
Emphasized the ways our conscious thought processes and our responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior. |
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Cognitive Psychology |
Explores how we perceive, process and remember information. Behavior is anything an organism does. Mental processes are the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior. More about asking and answering questions. |
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Contemporary Psychology |
Darwin developed natural selection as biology’s organizing principle. Contemporary Psych says Nurture works on what nature endows. |
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Biological Influences |
Natural Selection Genetic predisposition to environment brain mechanism hormonal influences |
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Psychological Influences |
learned fears and expectations emotional responses cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations |
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Social-Cultural Influences |
Presence of others Cultural, Societal and Family expectations Peer and Group influence Compelling models |
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Psychology's Subfields |
Basic Research Applied Research |
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Basic Research |
Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality Social Positive |
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Applied |
Clinical Counseling Educational Sport Industrial-Organizational |
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Psychiatrists |
May provide psychotherapy are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and treat physical causes of psychological disorders |
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Physician |
Non specialist who prescribes medication |
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Psychologists |
M.S. Ph.D. Conducts psychotherapy but usually doesn't prescribe medication |
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Hindsight Bias |
When one claims they knew the correct response after the result has been revealed |
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Judgmental Overconfidence |
Humans tend to think we know more than we actually do. |
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Tendency to perceive patterns in random events. |
Humans look for patterns and order in random events that tend to be random |
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Scientific Attitude |
Being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible |
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Curious |
In search of information and knowledge |
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Skeptical |
Questioning the status quo and the perceived correct answer |
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Humble |
An awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives |
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Critical Thinking |
Smart thinking examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions. |
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The Scientific Method |
A self correcting process for evaluating ideas with careful observation and analysis |
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Theory |
A Explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events. By organizing isolated facts, a theory simplifies |
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Hypothesis |
An educated guess as to the result prior to an experiment. |
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Case Study |
Examines one individual in depth in order to find information about them that could apply to many |
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Neurons |
A nerve cell that is the building block of the nervous system |
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Axon |
Long shaft of the neuron |
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Myelin Sheeth |
Fatty substance that protects and insulates the axon |
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Action Potential |
A nerve impulse fired by a neuron that travels up and down the axons. Trigger the release of Neurotransmitters that jump the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the other neuron |
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Excitatory |
Pushing a neuron's accelerator |
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Inhibitory |
Pushing a neuron's brake |
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Acetylcholine |
A neurotransmitter that is the messenger between motor and skeletal muscles. |
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Sensory Neurons |
Carry messages from the body to the brain (Input) |
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Motor Neurons |
Carry messages from the brain to the body (Output) |
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Interneurons |
Passes messages between motor and sensory neurons and the brain |
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Nerves |
Link the brain, spinal cord to the body |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Gathers information and transmits it to the body |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Controls the glands and muscles and internal organs without prompting |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Arouses and expends energy |
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Parasympathetic |
Calms and lowers energy |
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Homeostasis |
Body balance |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers for food, sex, aggression that go to the brain |
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine |
Increase heart rate, blood pressure and sugar |
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Pituitary Gland |
Controlled by the Hypothalamus and releases hormones |
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EEG |
Records electrical waves Epilepsy and sleep research Cognitive research |
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PET |
Measures energy consumption during brain activity |
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fMRI |
Measures brain activity through changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption. Giant magnet 3D maps your brain |
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Brainstem |
Pons & Medulla Breathing, Heart Rate, Movement |
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Thalamus |
Sensory Router Messages from the senses are sent through the thalamus to cortex |
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Cerebellum |
Coordinates voluntary movement Smooths coordinated body movement |
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Hippocampus |
Controls short term memory |
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Hypothalamus |
Homeostasis Controls temperature, water/food intake, sex drive Directs the endocrine system |
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Amygdala |
Defense emotions Fear and Aggression |
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Frontal Lobe |
Language, Movement, Planning & Decision making (Speech) |
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Parietal Lobe |
Bodily sensation, Spatial processing (Body) |
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Temporal Lobe |
Hearing, Language processing (Sound) |
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Occipital Lobe |
Visual processing (Sight) |
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Left Hemisphere |
Thoughts and logic Language: Words and Grammar Pieces and details |
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Right Hemisphere |
Feelings and intuition Language: Tone, Inflection, context, sarcasm, humor Wholes, including self, Spacial |
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Consciousness |
Wakefullness Self-Awareness An autobiography or life narrative Awareness of ourselves and the outside world |
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Alerted States of Consciousness |
Spontaneous Physiologically Induced Psychologically Induced |
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Circadian Rhythm |
Body's natural 24 hour day/night cycle |
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Sleep Stages |
Stage 1: Short, frequent and high waves Stage 2: Heartrate slows Stage 3: Deeper sleep, Long infrequent waves Stage 4: Deepest sleep, hard to wake up Stage 5: Rapid eye movement, paralysis, dreaming |
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Chromosomes |
23 from your mother 23 from your father. Coiled chains of DNA |
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DNA |
Genetic code that is made up of small segments called genes. Most of your traits are influenced by genes |
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Epigenetics |
Studying molecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression |
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Natural Selection |
Organisms' varied offspring compete for survival |
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Genetic Legacy |
Humans do what they can to keep their Genes traveling on |
