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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discrete Emotions Theory |
Theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions. |
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Primary Emotions |
Small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal. |
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Display Rules |
Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions. |
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Cognitive theories of emotion |
Theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking.
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James-Lange theory of emotion
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Theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli.
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Somatic Marker Theory
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Theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act.
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions. |
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Two-Factor Theory |
Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with a attribution of that arousal.
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions.
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Nonverbal Leakage |
Unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour. |
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Proxemics |
Study of personal space.
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Integrity Tests |
Questionnaires that presumably assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat. |
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Hedonic Treadmill
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Tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances. |
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Motivation
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Psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction. |
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Drive Reduction Theory
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Theory proposing that certain drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states. |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other. |
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Incentive Theories
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Theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals. |
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Leptin |
Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.
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Set Point |
Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain. |
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Desire Phase
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Phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest.
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Excitement phase
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Phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it. |
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Orgasm (Climax) Phase
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Phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women.
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Resolution Phase
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Phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being. |
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Proximity |
Physical nearness, a predictor of attraction.
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Reciprocity
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Rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction. |
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Intelligence Quotient
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Systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence. |
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Intelligence Test
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Diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability. |
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Abstract Thinking
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Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts.
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Fluid Intelligence
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Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems. |
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Crystallized Intelligence |
Accumulate knowledge of the world acquired over time. |
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Multiple Intelligeces |
Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill.
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Triarchic Model |
Model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative. |
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Mental Age
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Age corresponding to the average indviual's performance on an intelligence test.
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Deviation IQ
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Expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers. |
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Eugenics
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Movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population's genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both. |
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Stanford-Binet IQ test
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Intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University. |
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Culture-Fair IQ tests
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Abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language and are often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests. |
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Bell Curve
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Distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the "tails" or extremes. |
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Mental Retardation
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Condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning. |
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Flynn Effect
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Finding that average IQ scores have been rising at approximately 3 points per decade.
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Stereotype Threat |
Fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype. |
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Divergent Thinking
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Capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem. |
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Convergent Thinking |
Capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem. |
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Ideological Immune System |
Our psychological defences against evidence that contradicts our views. |
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Post Hoc Fallacy |
False assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event. |
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Cross-Sectional Design
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Research design that examines populations of different ages at a single point in time.
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Cohort Effects |
Effects observed in a sample of participants that result fro individuals in the sample growing up at the same time.
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Longitudinal Design |
Research design that examines development in the same sample of participants on multiple occasions over time. |
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Nature via nurture |
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions. |
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Blastocyst |
Ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part. |
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Embryo |
Second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form.
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Fetus
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Period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change.
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Teratogens |
Environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development.
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Motor Behaviours |
Bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles. |
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Cognitive Development |
Study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember.
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Assimilation |
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures |
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Accommodation
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Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience. |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally. |
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Object Permanence |
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
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Preoperational Stage |
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them. |
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Egocentrism
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Inability to see the world from others' perspectives. |
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Conservation |
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same. |
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Concrete Operations Stage |
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only. |
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Formal Operations Stage
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Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now. |
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Scaffolding
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Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent. |
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Zone Of Proximal Development |
Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction. |
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Theory Of Mind
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Ability to reason about what other people know or believe.
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Stranger Anxiety |
A fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months of age.
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Attachment
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The strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest. |
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Imprinting |
Phenomenon observed in which baby birds begin to follow around and attach themselves to any large moving object they see in the hours immediately after hatching.
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Contact Comfort
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Positive emotions afforded by touch.
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Mono-Operation Bias |
drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure. |
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Temperament |
Basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin. |
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Gender Identity
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Individuals' sense of being male or female. |
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Gender Roles
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Behaviors that tend to be associated with being male or female.
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Adolescence
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The transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years. |
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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The reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes. |
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Sex-differentiating characteristics that don't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men.
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Identity |
Our sense of who we are, and our life goals and priorities.
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Midlife Crisis |
Supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth. |
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Empty-Nest Syndrome |
Alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from home. Aww.. :(
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Menopause |
The termination of menstruation, marking the end of a woman's reproductive potential. |
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Guilty Knowledge Test |
Alternative to the polygraph that gives you questions that you suspect a suspect to lie too. |
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Permissive Parenting |
Very lenient, lots of freedom. |
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Authoritarian Parenting |
Very strict. Lots of |
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Authoritative Parenting |
Supportive of children. Clear and firm limits |
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Preconverntional Morality |
Kohlberg's theory that you can steal it beacuse you can get away with it, or don't steal because you might get caught. |
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Conventional Morality |
Kohlbergs theory that you should steal it because other might look down on him if he lets his wife die. Or don't steal it because it is against the law. |
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Sensory Capacity |
The more you are sensing in the environment, the more information you have to work with, so the more conclusions you are capable of making. |
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Linguistic
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Speak and write well
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Logico–Mathematical
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Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems, such as scientific questions
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Spatial
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Think and reason about objects in three–dimensional space
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Musical
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Perform, understand, and enjoy music
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Bodily–Kinaesthetic
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Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavours.
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Interpersonal
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Understand and interact effectively with others
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Intrapersonal
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Understand and possess insight into self
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Naturalistic
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Recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things.
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Analytical Intelligence
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The ability to reason logically
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Practical Intelligence
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The ability to solve real world problems
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Creative Intelligence
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The ability to come up with new and effective answers.
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What is Intelligence (Boring's dictum)
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Whatever intelligence tests measure
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General Intelligence (Charles Spearman, 1927)
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The overall differences in intellect among people. |
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Specific Abilities (Charles Spearman, 1927) |
Particular ability level in a narrow domain. An addition to (g) that allows for enhancements in particular areas. |
