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332 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychology |
study of behaviour and mental processes |
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behaviour |
overt, directly observed |
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mental processes |
covert, not directly observed |
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goal of psychology |
1. description 2. understanding 3. prediction 4. control |
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how do we know? |
intuition observation authority |
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problems with observation |
1. not always possible 2. not always reliable 3. not always true 4. people don't agree on what they are experiencing |
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problems of pure observation w/ psyc |
1. complexity 2. variability 3. reactivity (demand characteristics) |
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scientific method |
procedure for finding info. by empirical evidence, verifiable by observation + experiences, rather than theory or pure theory |
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scientific method process |
observation--> define problem --> hypothesis --> test hypothesis and gather experience --> reject/retain hypothesis--> publish results --> theory building |
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theory |
well developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena |
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hypothesis |
tentative and testable statement (prediction) about relationship between 2 or more variables, if-then statement, is falsifiable |
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science tools |
special ways of measuring human thought + behaviours |
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science rules |
special ways of deciding |
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operational definition |
description of property in concrete, measurable way |
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instrument |
anything that can provide us w/ measurement of operational definition |
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good instrument |
1. validity - actually measure what 2. reliability - similar measurements 3. power/sensitivity - can detect small diff |
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when there are 2 modes |
bimodal |
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science rules |
experimental methods and design |
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experimental methods |
set of rules + procedures we should follow in order to gather data |
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naturalistic observation |
observing participants in natural habitat and noting down their behaviors in response to various everyday situations |
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pros of naturalistic observation |
no demand characteristics; needs deception and debriefing higher external validity; can be generalized |
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cons of naturalistic observation |
- can't tell which aspects of environment caused behaviour, hard to set up control - usually have to tell people they are being watched (ethics) - high possibility for experimental bias |
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fixing observer bias |
- multiple observers --> reliability - blinding observers, double blinding etc |
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case study |
observing + measuring behaviour of a single, usually somehow unique participants over an extended period of time |
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pros of case study |
work with unique cases |
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cons of case study |
- demand characteristics - low external validity: cannot generalize |
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correlation does not equal cause (problems) |
- directionality problem: you can't tell which variable may be causing the other - third variable problem: third, unmeasured variable could be affecting correlation |
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experimental research |
a procedure for gathering data where 1 variable = manipulated to see cause-effect relationship |
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fixing the correlation does not equal cause (problems) |
- directionality: manipulate only 1 variable - 3rd variable problem: random selection --> less chance |
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surveys |
lists of Qs to be answered |
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pros of surveys |
bigger sample size, better generalizability |
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cons of surveys |
- lower dept of info - can't be sure of accuracy of reporting |
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archival research |
using existing records to answer various research questions |
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pros of archival research |
less money and time |
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cons of archival research |
-don't interact w/ participants - no control, RQ has to be tailored - compare + contrasts = hard |
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Longitudinal research |
data gathering repeatedly over an extended period of time |
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pros of Longitudinal research |
less concerned w/ difference between age groups, very informative |
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cons of Longitudinal research |
takes a lot of investments in time and $$, results are not immediate, people must be willing to continue. attrition rates; dropout rates |
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cross-sectional research |
comparing multiple segments of population (cohorts) at the same time |
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pros of cross-sectional research |
shorter time investment |
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cons of cross-sectional research |
limited by differences between cohorts (generations, social and cultural experiences) |
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positive correlation |
variables move in same direction |
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negative correlation |
variables move in opposite direction |
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IRB (institutional review board) |
review proposals for human participants for ethics - written consent (informed consent) |
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deception |
purposely misleading experiment to maintain integrity of experiment |
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debriefing |
complete, honest info and purpose of study |
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IACUC (institutional animal care and use committee) |
animal participation ethics board |
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scientific hypothesis are ______ and falsifiable a. observable b.original c. provable d. testable |
D, testable |
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_______ are defined as observable realities a. behaviours b. facts c. opinions d. theories |
B, facts |
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scientific knowledge is _____ a. intuitive b. empirical c. permanent d. subjective |
B, emperical |
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major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories were ________ a. too limited b.too outrageous c.too broad d. not testable |
D, not testable |
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Freud developed his theory conducting in dept interviews over an extended period of time w/ a few clients. this type of research is ______ a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey |
B, case study |
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____ involves observing behaviour in individuals in their natural environment a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey |
C, naturalistic observation |
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longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of _____ b. observation c. attrition d. generalization |
C |
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major limitation of case study is _______ a. superficial nature of info collected b. lack of control c. inability to generalize findings d. absence of inter-rater reliability |
C |
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benefit of naturalistic observation studies is _____ a. honesty of data b. how quick and easy c. researcher's cap to make sure data is collected efficiently d. ability to determine cause +effect |
A |
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using existing records to try to answer research questions is known as _____ a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey |
A |
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___ involves following a group of participants for an extended period of time a. archival research b. cross-sectional research c. naturalistic observation d. longitudinal research |
D |
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A ____ is a list of Qs a. archival research b. case study c. naturalistic observation d. survey |
D |
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Height and weight = positively correlated therefore,_______ |
as height increases, weight increases |
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which of the following correlation coefficients indicated the strongest relationship between variables? a. -0.90 b. -0.50 c. 0.80 d. 0.25 |
A |
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which statement best represents negative correlation between the # of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam |
students who watch more TV perform more poorly on exams |
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correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ____ |
it is closest to 0 |
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______ means that everyone in the pop has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study a. operationalizing b. placebo effect c. random assignment d. random sampling |
D |
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The ______ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ___ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter |
independent variable, dependent variable |
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researchers must _____ important concepts in their studies |
operationalize |
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sometimes researchers will administer a _____ to participants in the control group |
placebo |
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______ is to animal research as _____ is to human research a. IACUC; IRB b. IRB: IACUC c. deception; briefing |
A |
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Researchers must use ____ when providing participants w/ full details of the experiment could skew their responses |
deception |
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a person's participation must be ____ |
voluntary |
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before participating in an exp. individuals should read and sign the |
informed consent |
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confirmation bias |
when you automatically believe what confirms your previous beliefs |
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intelligence |
direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and to learn from one's experience - about aptitude, potential, NOT achievement |
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Francis Galton intelligence theory |
- father of eugenics - nature vs. nurture - intelligence = hereditary |
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Charles spearman intelligence theory |
single factor (g) - strong correlation between all scores in grades |
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problems of spearman single factor intelligence theory |
- specialization: some people better at some things than others - 3rd variable problem: is g measuring intelligence/ test-taking skills |
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Louis Thurstone intelligence theory |
multiple independent types of intelligence - 7 hypothesized (word fluency, verbal comb, numeric abilities, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal) |
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Robert Sternberg intelligence theory |
- triarchic theory - analytical (book smarts), practical (street smarts), creative (problem solving) |
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problems w/ Sternberg intelligence theory |
skills: confusing skills w/ intelligence (skill= can be improved, not like intelligence) correlations: finding correlations between factors that are supposed to be independent |
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Modern intelligence theory |
- hybrid of single/multi-factor - g will impact middle-level factors --> more differentiation in skills |
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Raymond Cattel intelligence theory |
- 2 subtypes of g - fluid intelligence (Gf): used in learning new info (degrades w/ time) - crystallized intelligence (Gc): drawing info from past (continues increasing) |
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Measuring intelligence |
IQ Tests (Intelligence Quotient) |
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Alfred Binet (measuring intelligence) |
calculate mental age as compared to children in their own age group |
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calculating Binet-Simons IQ |
mental age - chronological age William stern: mental age/chronological age to standardize |
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problems w/ Binet-Simons IQ |
- content area: confusing achievement w/ aptitude - not for everyone - not standardized |
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Louis Terman |
- Stanford-Binet IQ Test - found norms and standardized IQ |
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Calculating Stanford-Binet IQ Test |
standard unit = 100 person's score/avg. score of age group x 100 |
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problems w/ IQ Test |
- cultural bias - education - test-taking ability - stereotypes |
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diagnostic vs non-diagnostic test |
diagnostic- measures ability non - problem solving |
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David Wechsler |
IQ test most widely used today - WAIS-V (adult) - WISC (children) |
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indices of WAIC-V |
- verbal comprehension - visual-spatial - fluid reasoning - working memory - processing speed |
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problem w/ IQ test |
- creativity; IQ test only has 1 answer |
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divergent thinking |
- ability to think about problems and things in atypical, novel ways |
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heritability coefficient (h^2) |
amount of phenotypic variation explained by genetic variation or non-genetic |
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in a constant, stable environment, _______ |
genes matter (twins) |
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Group differences between M and F |
more variation within sex than between |
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natural concept vs. artificial concept |
- natural: eg. snow - artificial: shapes, math |
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schema |
mental construct consisting of cluster or collection of related concept |
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role schema |
assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave |
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event schema/cognitive script |
set of behaviours that feel like a routine |
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Language |
communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to transmit info |
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lexicon |
words, vocab |
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grammar |
set of rules that are used to convey meaning |
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phoneme |
basic sound of a given language |
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morphemes |
phonemes combined, smallest unit of language |
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semantics |
deriving meaning from words |
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syntax |
way words are organized in sentences |
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language development |
- Skinner (behaviourist) - Chomsky (biologically developed) |
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Sapir and whorf |
language determines thought |
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problem-solving strategy |
plan of action to find sol'n |
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trial and error problem-solving strategy |
continue trying different solutions until problem is solved |
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algorithm problem-solving strategy |
step-by-step problem solving formula |
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heuristic problem-solving strategy |
general problem solving framework, working backwards, breaking a task into steps |
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mental set |
persistence in repeating solution that is clearly not working anymore |
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functional fixedness |
cannot use something for other than the purpose it was designed for |
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anchoring bias |
focusing on one piece of info |
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hindsight bias |
belief that the event you just exp. = predictable |
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representative bias |
unintentional stereotyping of someone or something |
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availability bias |
decision based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty |
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Howard Gardner Multiple intelligence theory |
-linguistic -logical-mathematical -musical - bodily-kinesthetic - spatial - interpersonal -intrapersonal - naturalist |
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Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale |
IQ Test in US, WWI |
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mild intellectual disability |
3rd - 6rd grade reading + writing, may be employed and live independently |
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moderate intellectual disability |
basic reading and writing, basic self care, might need some oversight |
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severe intellectual disability |
functional self care, requires oversight of daily environments and activities |
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profound intellectual disability |
may be able to communicate verbally/non verbally, requires intensive oversight |
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Source of intelligence |
nature and nurture, genetic makeup and environment |
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Range of reaction |
the way each person reacts to environment is different |
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problems with determining high intelligence |
social structure and socioeconomic activity |
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Arthur Jenson's theory of intelligence |
Level I: memorization Level II: conceptual, analytical |
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learning disability |
cognitive disorder that affects different areas of coginition |
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dysgraphia |
cannot write legibly, may have problems w/ spatial abilities |
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dyslexia |
cannot process letters, do not understand sound-letter correspondence |
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cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ____ |
human thinking |
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What is the example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team? |
team captain |
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which one of these is an example of an artificial concept? a. mammals b. triangle's area c. gemstones d. teachers |
b |
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event scheme is known as a cognitive _____ a. stereotype b. concept c. script d. prototype |
C |
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_____ provides general principles for organizing words into meaning |
syntax |
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____ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning |
morphemes |
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the meanings of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ____ |
semantics |
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___ is the basic sound units of a spoken unit |
phonemes |
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a specific formula for solving a problem is ___ a. algortihm b. heuristic c. mental set d. trial and error |
A |
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a mental shortcut in the form of general problem-solving framework is called ____ a. algortihm b. heuristic c. mental set d. trial and error |
B |
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what type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of the problem? a. anchoring bias b. confirmation bias c. representative bias d. availability bias |
A |
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which type of bias involves reliyng on a false stereotype to make a decision? a. anchoring bias b. confirmation bias c. representative bias d. availability bias |
B |
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fluid intelligence is characterized by a. being able to recall info b. being able to create new products c. being able to understand and communicate w diff cultures d. being able to see complex relationships and solve problems |
D |
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Which is not one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. creative b. spatial c. linguistic d. musical |
A |
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which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Goleman b. Gardner c. Sternberg d. Steinz |
C |
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when you are examining data, which type of intelligence are you using? a. practical b. analytical c. emotional d. creative |
B |
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in order for a test to be normed and standardized, it must be tested on _______ a. same aged peers b. representative sample c. children w/ mental disabilities d. children on average intelligence |
B |
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The mean score for a person with average IQ = |
100 |
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who developed the IQ test most widely used today a. Francis Galton b. Alfred Binet c. Louis Terman d. David Wechsler |
D |
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The DSM-5 now uses ___ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation a. autism b. lowered disability c. intellectual disability d. cognitive disruption |
C |
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Arthur Jenson believed that ___ a. genetics was responsible for IQ b. environment was responsible for IQ c. intelligence level determined by race d. IQ tests do not take into account socioeconomic status |
C |
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Phineas Gage |
frontal lobe damage through accident --> change in personality |
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personality |
person's characteristics and enduring style of behaviour, thinking and feeling |
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parents of african american students filed a case against the state of CA in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities ______ a. was culturally unfair as tests were normed using white children b. disadvantaged their children by placing them into special ed classes c. did not identify enough special ed children d. resulted in less funding |
A |
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Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, “A Bear in the Woods,” and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. logical mathematical b. musical c. linguistic d. spatial |
C |
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Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. analytical b. practical c. creative d. functional |
B |
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What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. a. revealed a genetic component to intelligence b. suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption c. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence d. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins |
A |
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Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can’t find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? mild moderate severe profound |
mild |
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Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? verbal comprehension working memory processing memory perceptual reasoning |
C |
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Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai’s ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. practical creative fluid analytic |
creative |
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________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. creative crystallized analytic practical |
creative |
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The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. one standard deviation above the mean 15 points above the average one standard deviation below the mean two standard deviations above the mean |
one standard deviation above the mean |
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Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? severe profound moderate mild |
severe |
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traits |
permanent, enduring diff between peoples' psyc |
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states |
temporary diff between people's psyc |
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Sigmund freud |
developed psychodynamic theory and first comprehensive theory of personality |
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psychodynamic theory |
proposed that unconscious drives - influenced by sex, aggression - ultimately influence personality |
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unconscious cognition |
aspects of our cognition that are automatic hat we have no awareness of |
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freudian slip |
slip of the tongue, are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping out of unconscious |
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3 separate systems of unconscious mind |
1. Id 2. Superego 3.Ego |
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Id |
unconscious system present @ birth, source of bodily needs and desires |
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Ego |
conscious access to real world; finding balance between Id and superego |
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Superego |
unconscious system that develops through punishment and cultural experience an tells us what we cannot do |
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Freudian psychosexual development |
believed that ego and superego slowly forms over development from birth --> adulthood |
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psychosexual stages |
developmental stages that form persoanility, in each sages, the child experiences pleasure for specific body areas and caregivers either provide or interfere w/ those pleasures |
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characteristics of psychosexual stages |
every person goes through these phases in the same order. a stage is successful if child receives the kind of pleasure demanded. incomplete stage= fixation |
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Oral stage |
0-1 erogenous zone: mouth conflict: wearing off breast/bottle fixation: smoking, overeating |
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anal stage |
1-3 erogenous zone: anus conflict: toilet training fixation: neatness/messiness - anal-retentive: stingy, stubborn, neat (harsh in potty training)- anal expulsive: messy, careless (nice in potty training) |
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phallic stage |
3-6 erogenous zone: genitals conflict: oedipus/electra complex fixation: vanity, overambition |
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latency stage |
6-12 erogenous zone: none conflict: none fixation: none |
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genital stage |
12+ erogenous zone: genital conflict: none fixation: none |
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Defence mechanisms |
unconscious ways of coping that reduce anxiety and allow the ego to control inappropriate impulses from the id/shaming the superego |
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repression |
purposely forgetting something |
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reaction formation |
replacing your desire w/ strongly opposite feelings |
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projection |
attributing your shame/desires on someone else |
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displacement |
shifting your impulses to more neutral target |
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sublimation |
channelling your inner impulses or shame into socially acceptable ways |
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denial |
believing it doesn't exist |
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rationalize |
explaining acceptable behaviours in a rational manner, avoiding true behaviour |
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regression |
going back to younger age |
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evaluating Freud's contribution |
right: unconscious, systems of the mind, memory wrong: no scientific evidence, non falsifiable theories |
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Learning theories |
1. psychodynamic theory 2. behaviourist approach 3. social cognitive 4. humanistic |
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behaviourist approach |
BF Skinner personality shaped by environment reinforcements and consequences, develop over time |
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social-cognitive approach |
Albert Banavra learn from watching other's behaviours emphasizes that learning and cognition as source of ind. diff in personalities Walter Mischel, argued that personality traits do little to predict behaviour, and behaviours may not transfer in all situations |
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reciprocal determinism |
cognitive processes, behaviour, context all interact in personality development |
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person situation controversy |
problem of whether people's personality is enuring across situations, of if the way people act is highly dependent on the situation |
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biological approaches |
- a perspective that differences in our personalities can be explained by inherited predispositions and physiological processes - argues that personality evolves and is biologically programmed because it is advantageous for survival and reproduction |
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personality from natural selection |
variability in personality may be advantageous when our natural + social env. changes |
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personality from sexual selection |
some personality traits may be more appealing and evidence of higher status of fertility |
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if genes bias organisms towards one type of personality of another, we should expect____ |
correlation: in personality btwn twins and across people in diff cultures manipulate genes: personality change w/ genes manipulate environment: environment does not affect |
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Minnesota study of twins reared apart |
identical twins = similar personality event though they were raised apart, suggests heritability to traits |
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animal models of biological approach |
russian domesticated red fox, "friendly genes" even though w/ aggressive mom, still calm |
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culture |
system of shared beliefs, traditions and values by a group/society defines whats is good/bad behvaiour |
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western bias in psychological research |
WEIRD Pop. W- western E- educated I- industrialized R-rich D- democratic |
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individualist culture |
uniqueness in each person = strongly esteemed (US, CA) |
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collectivist cultures |
social harmony > individual, belonging in a group |
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Likert Scale |
personality test |
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problems w/ personality test |
-accuracy - honesty |
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PT Barnum/Forer Effect |
common issue whereby ppl judge very general descriptions of their personality as being very specific to them (horoscopes) |
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MMPI (minesota multiphasic inventory) |
most widely used personality inventory made and verified by personality psyc self report answers compared to personality traits observed by others includes Qs to catch people who are not honest |
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Five factor theory of personality |
Openness Conscientiousness - thoughtfulness Extraversion Agreeableness - kindness Neuroticism - tendency to be neg. |
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predicting behaviour (job and school success) |
high conscientiousness and agreeableness, low neuroticism |
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predicting behaviour (heart disease) |
low agreeableness |
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predicting behaviour (politics) |
high openness (conservative) low openness (liberal) |
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predicting behaviour (FB) |
high extraversion --> more posts and friends |
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predicting behaviour (dog vs cats) |
dog --> high extraversion, agreeableness cat --> more openess |
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The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. Five Factor Model Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
5 factor model |
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The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. ectomorph endomorph mesomorph somatomorph |
ectomorph |
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An archetype is a ________. - balance of opposing forces within one’s personality - collective consciousness - feeling that one lacks worth and doesn’t measure up to the standards of others or of society - pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies |
pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies |
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According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? - ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life - ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life - balance between extroversion and introversion - moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious |
balance between extroversion and introversion |
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Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. - B. F. Skinner - Hans and Sybil Eysenck - Ivan Pavlov - Sigmund Freud |
B. F. Skinner |
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As the “third force” in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists’ view of humans passively reacting to the environment. - biological determinism - feminism - humanism - social cognition theory |
humanism |
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According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. - good parenting - love - self-actualization - self-efficacy |
self-actualization |
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What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development? - An individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. - An individual’s personality is determined in childhood. - Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. - The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic. |
An individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. |
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What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson’s second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? - autonomy vs. shame/doubt - industry vs. inferiority - integrity vs. despair - trust vs. mistrust |
autonomy vs. shame/doubt |
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The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. - Contemporary Stereotypes - Contemporized-Themes - Cultural Themes - Thematic Subjects |
Contemporized-Themes |
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Hippocrate's four fluids (humors) |
- choleric temperament (yellow bile from liver) - melancholic temperament (black bile from kidneys) - sanguine temperament (red blood from heart) - phlegmatic temperament (white phlegm from the kidneys) |
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Franz Gall |
phrenology, bumps in skull determined personality |
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Immanuel Kant and Wilheim Wundt |
catergorization of temperaments - emotional/non emotional - melancholic + choleric - plegmatic + sanguine - changeable/ unchangeable - choleraic + sanguine - melanchlic+phlegmatic |
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Neo-Freudians |
agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, bu deemphasized sex, focusing more on social environment and cultures |
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Alfred Adler |
individual psychology, drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority - childhood inferiority = gaining superiority in adult - three fundamentals of social tasks - occupational tasks (jobs) - social tasks (friends) - love tasks (partners) - birth order shaped our personality eg. youngest= spoilt etc |
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Erik Erikson |
psychosocial theory development and personality develops through a lifetime and is not fixed at childhood |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 1) |
0-1 - trust vs mistrust |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 2) |
1-3 - autonomy vs shame/doubt |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 3) |
3-6 initiative vs. guilt |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 4) |
7-11 industry vs guilt |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 5) |
12-18 - identity vs. confusion |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 6) |
19-29 - intimacy vs isolation |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 7) |
30-64 generativity vs stagnation |
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Erikson's psychosocial stages of development (Stage 8) |
65- integrity vs despair |
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Carl Jung |
analytical psychology balance opposing forces of conscious and conscious thoughts - continuous learning process - extroversion and introversion |
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collective unconscious |
universal version of the persona unconscious, holding mental patterns, memory traces which are common to all |
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Karen Horney |
- 3 styles of coping - moving towards people (affiliation and dependence) - moving against people (aggression, manipulation) - moving away from people (detachment and isolation |
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self efficacy |
our level of confidence in our own abilities |
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Julian Rotter |
Locus of control- our beliefs about the power we have over our lives |
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external Locus of control |
our outcomes are outside of our control |
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internal Locus of control |
our outcomes = direct result of our effects |
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Maslow's need theory |
certain common needs must be met in a certain order, the highest need is the need for self-actualization |
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Carl Rogers |
- self concept: our thoughts and feelings about ourselves (real self vs ideal self) - congruence = ideal self = real self - incongruence = real self does not = ideal self = unhealthy |
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Biological Basis of Temperament |
Thomas and Chess - easy, difficult, slow (when born) |
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Body types and temperament |
Ectomorphs- anxious, self conscious (skinny) Endomorphs - sociable (fatter) Mesomorphs - adventurous and assertive |
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Gordon Allport |
Organized traits - cardinal traits: dominates - central traits: make up personality - secondary: not quite as obvious |
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck |
personality dimensions - extraversion/intraversion - neuroticism/ stability |
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Rorschach Inkblot Test |
series of symmetrical inkblots |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
Henry Murray - ambiguous pics, tell a story |
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Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) |
- school/college/adult - word association test |
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Contemporized Themes concerning Black test (C-TCB) |
show scenes of african american lifestyles, tell a story |
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TEMAS multicultural thematic apperception test |
Hispanic youths - "Tell me a story" |
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the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible w/ their personality and need is known as ______ a. selective migration b. personal oriented personally c. socially oriented personality d. individualism |
A |
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Projective Test |
relies on Freud's defence mechanism of projection - om which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious feelings, impulses and desires |
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motivation |
the want/needs that direct behaviour towards a goal |
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major theories of motivation |
- instinct/evolutionary theory - drive theory - incentive theory |
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instinct + evolutionary theory |
William James - behaviour is driven by instincts, which aids survival |
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instincts |
- a non-learned, complex behaviour programmed throughout a species to increase the change of survival and sexual reproduction - adaptation |
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problems with the instinct theory of motivation |
- instincts = automatic and inflexible, but the behaviour is flexible - proliferation of instincts - even simple organisms communicate to make decisions |
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drive theory |
the need to return to homeostasis when there is a physiological change - deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs |
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drive theory process |
change--> receptor--> control center--> respond to change --> homeostasis |
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drive |
the motivational state caused by your physiology in order to maintain homeostasis |
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arousal |
- idea that there is an optimal level of arousal we try to maintain where performance is maximized - optimal arousal level depends on level of complexity and difficulty of task to be performed(easy task = high arousal)(difficult = low arousal) |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law of arousal |
task performance is the best when arousal levels are in middle range |
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problems w/ drive theory |
- we sometimes do things w/o need for homeostasis - can't account for all motivation |
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incentive theory of motivation |
seek out things that we require to survive and things for which we will get rewarded, and avoid things for which we will get punished |
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Types of motivation |
- intrinsic: internal factors - extrinsic: external factors |
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overjustification of types of motivation |
intrinsic motivation diminished when extrinsic motivation = given |
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hunger and feeding behaviour control |
complex neuroendocrine circuitry that controls feeding behaviour |
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Hunger |
motivation to seek out and eat food, blood level drop |
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satiety |
state of being fed |
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hormonal regulation of feeding behaviour |
endocrince signals of regulating food intake - hypothalamus: integration of neuroendocrine systems - gut derived hormones: indicate short term nutritional status - adipose (fat) signals: indicate long term nutritional status |
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Hormones involved in feeding behaviour |
ghrelin- GI tract, stomach, duodenum, stimulate feeding leptin - fat cells, satiety signals (more fat = more leptin) |
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Bulimia nervosa |
binge eating and then attempts to compensate for a large amount of food consumed - compensation= vommiting - health consequence= kidney failure, tooth decay - psychological problems: depression |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
maintaining of body weight below average through starvation and exercise - distorted body image - health consequences: bone loss, heart failure, cessation of menstrual - psychological problems: anxiety disorders |
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sex vs gender |
sex=biology gender= cultural attributes and behaviours (identity) |
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Alfred C Kinsey |
large scale survey to cover typical sexual behaviour |
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Kinsey Scale |
used to categorize an individuals sexual orientation |
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Findings of Kinsey |
- women as interested in sex as men - masturabation = no neg. consequences - homosexual acts = common |
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Preoptic area (PoA) |
interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus - size differs in F/M and homosexual |
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Masters & Johnsons |
study of physiological responses during sexual behaviour |
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sexual response cycle |
excitement plateau orgasm resolution |
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damage to brain and sex |
- damage to amygdala/nucleus accumbens = NO motivation for sex - damage to hypothalamus = cannot have sex |
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hormones and sexual desire |
testosterone + extrogen - animals: M, up T = more sexual F, up E = more sexual - humans: M, up T= more sexual F, up T = more sexual |
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emotion |
motivational state triggered by external events marked by - physiological arousal - cognitive interpretation - observable expression |
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feelings |
physiological arousal generated internally by our bodies for the purpose of self preservation |
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physiological state |
sensory state through nerves to brain regions of hypothalamus and amygdala |
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autonomic nervous system |
regulate involuntary and automatic commands --> blood, organs, glands - Vagus Nerves |
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sympathetic nervous system |
fight/flight, threat |
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parasympathetic |
rest and digest, rest |
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activation of sympathetic systems |
- approach behaviours= seek our certain stimulus (positive valence) - avoidance behaviours = get away from certain stimulus (negative valence) |
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Theories of emotion |
each physiological feelings is associated w/ specific activity in the hypothalamus |
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James Lang theory of emotion |
emotions arise from physiological arousal |
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Cannon Bard theory of emotion |
- physiological arousal + emotional experience occur simultaneously, but independent |
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two factor theory (Schachter+Singer) |
emotions based from cognitive inferences from physiological Rx |
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theory of emotion 2 |
emotions - unlike feelings - serve 2 roles - internal role: help guide us towards particular goals - external role: communicate to others what our internal needs are |
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discrete emotion theory |
basic/primary emotion, each associated w/ physiological effects (similar across cultures) - happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, contempt |
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overweight BMI |
25-29/9 |
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obese BMI |
30 or higher |
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morbid obesity BMI |
over 40 |
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bariatric surgery |
involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten |
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Prader willi syndrome |
genetic disorder that results in persistent feeling of intense hunger and reduced rate of metabolism |
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Robert Spitzer |
examples of successful conversion theory |
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gender dysphoria |
individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are |
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transgender hormone therapy |
attempt to make their bodies opposite sex |
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sexual orientation and gender identity are influenced by ____ |
sociocultural factors |
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amygdala anatomy |
- basolateral complex: sensory areas - central nucleus: attention, regulate nervous and endocrine system |
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hippocampus |
linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders - reduction in V of PTSD patients |
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cultural display rule |
one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotion that is acceptable |
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facial feedback hypothesis |
facial expression are capable of influencing our emotions |
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autism |
difficulties with emotional recognition and expression |
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need for ____ refers to maintaining positive relationships w/ others |
affiliation |
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approx ____ of US pop = obese |
1/3 |
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Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another? a. Cannon Bardd b. James Lange c. Two factor theory d. Darwinian theory |
B |
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Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior? - babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents’ approval - dating an abusive partner because you believe you don’t deserve good treatment - mowing your elderly neighbor’s lawn because you believe it is the right thing to do -jerking your hand back from a hot burner |
babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents’ approval |
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Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. ________ theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis. - motivational - drive - feedback - James-Lange |
drive |
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The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. - leptin - hormone - sexual - luteal |
sexual |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The components of cognition are physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience. - change the word “physiological” to the word “neurotransmitter” - change the word “subjective” to the word “objective” - change the word “appraisal” to the word “arousal” - change the word “cognition” to the word “emotion” |
change the word “cognition” to the word “emotion” |
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According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers. - power - achievement - intimacy - affiliation |
affiliation |
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: physiological and social. - change the word “emotions” to the word “habits” - change the word “social” to the word “cognitive” - change the word “physiological” to the word “moods” - eliminate the word Schachter |
- change the word “social” to the word “cognitive” |
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________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards. -extrinsic -drive -motive -intrinsic |
intrinsic |
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Research shows that ________; performance tends to suffer ________. - high arousal is generally best; when arousal is moderate or very low - low arousal and high arousal are both generally better; when arousal is moderate - low arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or moderate - moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low |
- moderate arousal is generally best; when arousal is very high or very low |
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Which of the following statements about drive theory is incorrect? - According to drive theory, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. - According to drive theory, once our behavior successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to repeat the behavior if the drive reoccurs. - According to drive theory, we are driven to develop new physiological needs in order to motivate our own behavior. - According to drive theory, needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need. |
According to drive theory, we are driven to develop new physiological needs in order to motivate our own behavior. |
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Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa. - bulimia - Prader-Willi - leptin deficiency - anorexia |
bulimia |
