Psychology - Methods - Review Module 2

Front 1

Why it is necessary for psychologists to conduct research in their practice

Back 1

it is necessary to test the thesis. Psychology is an experimental science, thus all asumptions must be supported by evidence through research.

Front 2

5 general steps in scientific research

Back 2

1. Question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Results
5. Conclusions

Front 3

why is it very important for psychologist to test their hypothesis during the research process

Back 3

can't be considered to be correct until it has been scientifically tested and proved to be right.
don't rely on opinions.
examine the evidence and draw own conclusion based upon evidence

Front 4

2 methods to carry out a survey

Back 4

• questionaires
• oral interviews

Front 5

why might the survey method not produce accurate results

Back 5

subjects may not be aware or forgot the reason for any given action
not motivated
motivated but don't give honest answers
fear info is not kept confidential

Hint 5

4 things

Front 6

7 methods of observation

Back 6

1. testing method
2. case-study method
3. longitudinal method
4. cross-sectional method
5. naturalistic observation method
6. survey
7. laboratory-observation method

Front 7

describe experimental method

Back 7

answer questions about cause and effect.
Participants receive what is called a treatment, such as a change in room temperature or a new drug. Researches then carefully observe the participants to determine how the treatment influences their behavior.

Hint 7

new drug

Front 8

why must psychologists follow ethical standards.

Back 8

to promote the dignity of the individual
foster human welfare
maintain scientific integrity
prevent humans being harm during a research

Hint 8

4

Front 9

What is APA

Back 9

American Psychological Association

Front 10

5 ways psychologists may resolve ethical issus

Back 10

• misuse of work: take reasonable steps to correct misuse of their work
• legal and ethical conflicts: take steps to resolve conflicts
• Reporting violations: attempt to resolve an ethical violation by another psychologist by fist bringing it to the attention of that person in an attempt to informally resolve the problem
• Cooperation: Psychologists cooperate in ethics investigations
• Complaints: PS do not file or encourage the filing of reckless ethics complaints.

Front 11

validation

Back 11

the extent to which a test measures what is supposed to measure
Establishing the soundness of an idea

Hint 11

The extend...

Front 12

replication

Back 12

repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the result of the original study

Front 13

survey

Back 13

research technique for acquiring data about the behavior of a group, usually by asking questions, random sample

Front 14

Questionaire

Back 14

List of questions that can be analyzed for usable information

Front 15

Target population

Back 15

The total group to be studied or described and from whom samples may be drawn

Front 16

Random sample

Back 16

A survey population, selected by chance, which fairly represents the general population.

Front 17

stratified sample

Back 17

sample drawn that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population

Hint 17

Proportion

Front 18

Bias

Back 18

predisposition to a certain point of view despite the facts

Front 19

case study

Back 19

an in-depth study of a single person or group to reveal some universal principle

Front 20

correlation

Back 20

the relationship between variables

Front 21

observation

Back 21

the observation and description of a subject's behavior

Front 22

Ethics

Back 22

rules and standards for proper and responsible behavior

Front 23

independent variable

Back 23

factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable

Front 24

dependent variable

Back 24

the factor that is being measured and that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

Front 25

Control group

Back 25

group which does not receive the treatment

Front 26

placebo

Back 26

an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance

Front 27

Preconception

Back 27

idea or opinion formed beforehand

Front 28

double-blind study

Back 28

experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

Front 29

data

Back 29

facts that can be analyzed or used in an effort to gain knowledge or make decisions

Front 30

Hypothesis

Back 30

Prediction or assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research

Front 31

Testing Method

Back 31

• several types of tests measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests and personality
• Advantages: Convenient method for researchers to gain insight into certain aspects of an individual's abilities or behavior.
• Disadvantages: Does not always provide a complete respresentation of an individual's true abilities or personality.

Front 32

Case-Study Method

Back 32

• researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals or small groups
• Advantages: Provides insight into specific cases.
• Disadvantages: may focus on isolated circumstances or events that cannot be replicated. People interviewed in case studies may distort teir past experiences. Researchrs may unintentionally encourage people to answer questions a certain way.

Front 33

Logitudinal Method

Back 33

• A group or participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time.
• Advantages: Enables researchers to see how individuals change over time.
• Disadvantages: Time consuming and expensive. Participants may not be available for the duration of the study

Front 34

Cross-Sectional Method

Back 34

researchers compare differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time.

Advantages: less ime-sonsuming than the longitudinal method for studying changes over time.

Disadvantages: Differences between the the members of the sample cannot necessarily be attributed to age or development.

Front 35

Naturalistic-Observation Method

Back 35

• Researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habits.
• Advantages: Enables researchers to witness the behavior of people or animals in settings that are not artificial.
• Disadvantages: Researchrs have no control over the setting or the events that occur.

Front 36

Laboratory Observation Method

Back 36

• Participants are observed in a laboratory setting
• Advantages: Enables researchers to precisely control certain aspects of the study
• Disadvantages: Laboratories cannot duplicate real-life environments